論

See also: 论
論 U+8AD6, 論
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8AD6
← 諕
[U+8AD5] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 諗 →
[U+8AD7]
論 U+F941, 論
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F941
← 鹿
[U+F940] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 壟 →
[U+F942]

Translingual

Han character

論 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+8, 15 strokes, cangjie input 卜口人一月 (YROMB), four-corner 08627, composition ⿰訁侖)

Derived characters

Descendants

References

Chinese
trad. 論
simp. 论

Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (侖) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
蜦 *ruːls, *run
綸 *kruːn, *ɡ·run
論 *ruːn, *ruːns, *run
崘 *ruːn
掄 *ruːn, *run
菕 *ruːn
惀 *ruːnʔ, *run
睔 *ɡ·ruːnʔ, *kuːns, *ɡuːnʔ
碖 *ruːnʔ, *ruːns
溣 *ruːns
倫 *run
淪 *run
輪 *run
侖 *run
陯 *run
鯩 *run
棆 *run
踚 *run
耣 *runʔ
錀 *pqʰlun

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ruːn, *ruːns, *run) : semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 侖 (OC *run).

Etymology

Compare Mizo râwn (“to ask advice, to consult, to ask”) [high-tone], Mizo râwn (“to suggest, to advise, to recommend”) [low-tone].

Pronunciation 1

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 論
Mandarin Beijing /luən⁵¹/
Harbin /luən⁵³/
Tianjin /luən⁵³/
Jinan /luẽ⁴²/
Qingdao /luə̃⁴²/
Zhengzhou /luən²¹³/
Xi'an /lyẽ²⁴/
Xining /lyə̃²¹³/
Yinchuan /luŋ⁵³/ ～語
/luŋ¹³/ 言～
Lanzhou /lũn¹³/
Ürümqi /lun²¹³/
Wuhan /nən³⁵/
Chengdu /nən¹³/
/nuən¹³/
Guiyang /len²¹³/
Kunming /luə̃²¹²/
Nanjing /lun⁴⁴/
Hefei /lən⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /luəŋ¹¹/
/lyəŋ¹¹/
/luəŋ⁴⁵/
/lyəŋ⁴⁵/
Pingyao /luŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /lũŋ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ləŋ²³/
Suzhou /lən³¹/
Hangzhou /len²¹³/
Wenzhou /lø³¹/
Hui Shexian /lʌ̃²²/
Tunxi /luːə¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /lən¹³/
Xiangtan /nən¹²/
Gan Nanchang
Hakka Meixian /lun⁵³/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /løn²²/
Nanning /lɐn²²/
Hong Kong /løn²²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /lun³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /lɔuŋ²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /lɔŋ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /luŋ³⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /lun³³/
Rime
Character 論 論
Reading # 3/3 2/3
Initial (聲) 來 (37) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 魂 (55) 魂 (55)
Tone (調) Departing (H) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed Closed
Division (等) I I
Fanqie 盧困切 盧昆切
Baxter lwonH lwon
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /luənH/ /luən/
Pan
Wuyun		 /luonH/ /luon/
Shao
Rongfen		 /luənH/ /luən/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /lwənH/ /lwən/
Li
Rong		 /luənH/ /luən/
Wang
Li		 /luənH/ /luən/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /luənH/ /luən/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 lùn lún
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 leon6 leon4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 論 論
Reading # 3/3 2/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 lùn lún
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ lwonH › ‹ lwon ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[r]ˁu[n]-s/ /*[r]ˁu[n]/
English discussion, discourse discuss, examine

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 論 論
Reading # 2/3 1/3
No. 8656 8649
Phonetic
component		 侖 侖
Rime
group		 文 文
Rime
subdivision		 2 2
Corresponding
MC rime		 論 論
Old
Chinese		 /*ruːns/ /*ruːn/

Definitions

論

  1. to discuss; to reason; to debate; to argue
  2. to assess; to evaluate; to judge; to weigh
  3. to state; to talk about; to recount
  4. to treat; to regard; to handle
  5. to take into consideration; to consider
  6. according to; on the basis of
  7. discussion; dialogue; discourse
  8. essay; discourse
  9. theory; thesis; system

Compounds

Pronunciation 2

Rime
Character 論
Reading # 1/3
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 諄 (47)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 力迍切
Baxter lwin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /liuɪn/
Pan
Wuyun		 /lʷin/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ljuen/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /lwin/
Li
Rong		 /liuĕn/
Wang
Li		 /lĭuĕn/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /li̯uĕn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 lún
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 leon4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 論
Reading # 1/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 lún
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ lwin ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[r]u[n]/
English (in name of Lúnyǔ 論語)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 論
Reading # 3/3
No. 8667
Phonetic
component		 侖
Rime
group		 文
Rime
subdivision		 2
Corresponding
MC rime		 淪
Old
Chinese		 /*run/

Definitions

論

  1. † to say directly or to the point
  2. Short for 論語／论语 (Lúnyǔ, “Lunyu; Analects”).
  3. a surname

Compounds
  • 半部論語治天下／半部论语治天下
  • 論孟／论孟
  • 論語／论语 (Lúnyǔ)
  • 魯論／鲁论
  • 齊論／齐论

Japanese
See also 論じる, and 論ずる

Kanji
論

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. argument, discussion

Readings

From Middle Chinese 論 (MC lwonH); compare Mandarin 論／论 (lùn):

  • Go-on: ろん (ron, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: ろん (ron, Jōyō)

From Middle Chinese 論 (MC lwin); compare Mandarin 論／论 (lún):

From native Japanese roots:

Compounds
Compounds

Etymology
Kanji in this term
論
ろん
Grade: 6
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 論 (MC lwon).

Pronunciation

Noun

論(ろん) • (ron) 

  1. argument, discussion, disputation
    論(ろん)より証(しょう)拠(こ)
    ron yori shōko
    the proof of the pudding is in the eating
    (literally, “evidence over argument”)
  2. theory
  3. question of; advocacy of
    鉄道国有(てつどうこくゆう)論(ろん)
    tetsudō kokuyū ron
    the railway nationalization question
    征韓(せいかん)論(ろん)
    Seikanron
    Seikanron ― advocacy of a conquest of Korea
    非戦(ひせん)論(ろん)を唱(とな)える
    hisenron o tonaeru
    to advocate against war
  4. opinion, view
  5. essay, treatise
    『人間知性(にんげんちせい)論(ろん)』
    “Ningen chisei ron”
    An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
    『人間本性(にんげんほんせい)論(ろん)』
    “Ningen honsei ron”
    A Treatise of Human Nature

Suffix

論(ろん) • (-ron) 

  1. theory; -ology
    集合(しゅうごう)論(ろん) ― shūgōron ― set theory
    宇宙(うちゅう)論(ろん) ― uchūron ― cosmology
    陰謀(いんぼう)論(ろん) ― inbōron ― conspiracy theory
  2. doctrine; -ism
    無神(むしん)論(ろん) ― mushinron ― atheism
    唯物(ゆいぶつ)論(ろん) ― yuibutsuron ― materialism

References
  1. Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

論 (eumhun 논할 론 (nonhal ron), South Korea 논할 논 (nonhal non))

  1. Hanja form? of 론/논 (“argument, discussion”).

Compounds

Vietnamese

Han character

論: Hán Việt readings: luận[1][2][3]
論: Nôm readings: lọn[1][2][3][4][5], lộn[1][2][3][4][5], lụn[1][2][3][4][5], luồn[1][2][3][5], trọn[1][2][3][5], luận[1][2][5], trộn[1][3][5], chọn[1][3], tròn[2][5], lòn[4][5], dọn[1], rộn[1], soạn[1], giọn[3], lốn[3], gọn[4], lấn[4], lẩn[4]

  1. chữ Hán form of luận (“essay”).

Compounds
Compounds

References
  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Hồ (1976).
  5. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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