故鄉

See also: 故乡, 故郷, and 故鄕

Chinese

		happening; instance; reason happening; instance; reason; cause; deceased; old	country; village
trad. (故鄉)		故	鄉
simp. (故乡)		故	乡

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gùxiāng

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˋ ㄒㄧㄤ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gu³ hoeng¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ku-hiông
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kò͘-hiong / kò͘-hiang

(Teochew, Peng'im): gu⁷ hiên¹ / gu⁷ hion¹
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁵ku-shiaon

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gùxiāng
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ ㄒㄧㄤ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gùsiang
  - Wade–Giles: ku⁴-hsiang¹
  - Yale: gù-syāng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guhshiang
  - Palladius: гусян (gusjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵¹ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gu³ hoeng¹
  - Yale: gu hēung
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gu³ hoeng¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gu³ hêng¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuː³³ hœːŋ⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ku-hiông
  - Hakka Romanization System: gu hiong´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gu⁴ hiong¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ku⁵⁵ hi̯oŋ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘-hiong
  - Tâi-lô: kòo-hiong
  - Phofsit Daibuun: korhiofng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hiɔŋ³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘-hiang
  - Tâi-lô: kòo-hiang
  - Phofsit Daibuun: korhiafng
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ hiaŋ⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gu⁷ hiên¹ / gu⁷ hion¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kū hieⁿ / kū hioⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku¹¹ hĩẽ³³/, /ku¹¹ hĩõ³³/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁵ku-shiaon
  - MiniDict: ku^去 shiaon
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²ku-xiaan
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ku³³ ɕiɑ̃⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: kuH xjang

Rime
Character	故	鄉
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	古暮切	許良切
Baxter	kuH	xjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuo^H/	/hɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kuo^H/	/hiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ko^H/	/xiɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɔ^H/	/hɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/ko^H/	/xiaŋ/
Wang Li	/ku^H/	/xĭaŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/kuo^H/	/xi̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gù	xiāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gu³	hoeng¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤaʔ-s qʰaŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*kaːs qʰaŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	故	鄉
Reading #	2/2	1/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gù	xiāng
Middle Chinese	‹ ku^H ›	‹ xjang ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁaʔ-s/	/*qʰaŋ/
English	old (not new)	village; district
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	故	鄉
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	4228	13596
Phonetic component	古	鄉
Rime group	魚	陽
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	顧	香
Old Chinese	/*kaːs/	/*qʰaŋ/
Notes		甲金文象兩人對食，爲饗初文

Noun

故鄉

native land; hometown; birthplace
當作第二故鄉／当作第二故乡 ― dàngzuò dì'èr gùxiāng ― to treat (a place) as one's second hometown

Synonyms

土 (literary, or in compounds)
家鄉／家乡 (jiāxiāng)
故國／故国 (gùguó) (literary)
故園／故园 (gùyuán) (literary)
故土 (gùtǔ)
故里 (gùlǐ)
老家 (lǎojiā)
老屋 (Hakka)
鄉下／乡下
鄉土／乡土 (xiāngtǔ)
鄉梓／乡梓 (xiāngzǐ) (literary)
鄉關／乡关 (xiāngguān) (literary)

Derived terms

富貴不歸故鄉，如衣繡夜行／富贵不归故乡，如衣绣夜行
并州故鄉
月是故鄉明／月是故乡明 (yuè shì gùxiāng míng)
衣錦故鄉／衣锦故乡
親不親，故鄉人，美不美，鄉中水／亲不亲，故乡人，美不美，乡中水

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (故鄉):

→ Japanese: 故(こ)郷(きょう) (kokyō)
→ Korean: 고향(故鄕) (gohyang)
→ Vietnamese: cố hương (故鄉)

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