國都

Chinese

		country; state; nation	capital city
trad. (國都)		國	都
simp. (国都)		国	都

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): guódū

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄉㄨ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gwok³ dou¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kok-to͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): gog⁴ dou¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: guódū
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄉㄨ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: guódu
  - Wade–Giles: kuo²-tu¹
  - Yale: gwó-dū
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gwodu
  - Palladius: году (godu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku̯ɔ³⁵ tu⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gwok³ dou¹
  - Yale: gwok dōu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gwok⁸ dou¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: guog³ dou¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷɔːk̚³ tou̯⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kok-to͘
  - Tâi-lô: kok-too
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kokdof
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tɔ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ tɔ³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ tɔ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tɔ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tɔ⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gog⁴ dou¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kok tou
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kok̚²⁻⁴ tou³³/

Middle Chinese: kwok tu

Rime
Character	國	都
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	登 (132)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	古或切	當孤切
Baxter	kwok	tu
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kwək̚/	/tuo/
Pan Wuyun	/kʷək̚/	/tuo/
Shao Rongfen	/kuək̚/	/to/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kwək̚/	/tɔ/
Li Rong	/kuək̚/	/to/
Wang Li	/kuək̚/	/tu/
Bernard Karlgren	/kwək̚/	/tuo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	guo	dū
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gwak¹	dou¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[C.q]ʷˤək tˤa/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʷɯːɡ taː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	國	都
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	guó	dū
Middle Chinese	‹ kwok ›	‹ tu ›
Old Chinese	/*[C.q]ʷˁək/	/*tˁa/
English	state (n.)	capital city
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	國	都
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	5547	16968
Phonetic component	或	者
Rime group	職	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	國	都
Old Chinese	/*kʷɯːɡ/	/*taː/

Noun

國都

national capital
- 度呼沱，涉易水，不至四五日，而距國都矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  度呼沱，涉易水，不至四五日，而距国都矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5^th – 3^rd centuries BCE
  Dù Hūtuó, shè Yìshuǐ, bù zhì sì wǔ rì, ér jù guódōu yǐ. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Usage notes

When translating the English term capital city, use 首都 (shǒudū) when referring to the capital of a country, 首府 (shǒufǔ) when referring to the capital of a state or autonomous region, and 省會／省会 (shěnghuì) when referring to the capital of a province. Alternative terms for the capital of a country include 國都／国都 (guódū), 京城 (jīngchéng), 京都 (jīngdū), 京邑 (jīngyì) and 都城 (dūchéng) all of which are more commonly used in literary language.

Synonyms

上國／上国 (shàngguó) (literary)
京城 (jīngchéng) (literary)
京師／京师 (jīngshī) (literary)
京華／京华 (jīnghuá) (literary)
京邑 (jīngyì) (literary)
京都 (jīngdū) (literary)
國家／国家 (guójiā) (Classical Chinese)
帝都 (dìdū) (imperial capital)
王京 (wángjīng) (literary, royal capital)
王都 (wángdū) (formal, royal capital)
皇州 (huángzhōu) (literary, imperial capital)
神州 (shénzhōu) (literary)
都城 (dūchéng)
都邑 (dūyì) (literary)
鎬京／镐京 (hàojīng) (literary)
長安／长安 (cháng'ān) (literary, figurative)
首都 (shǒudū)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (國都):

→ Japanese: 国(こく)都(と) (kokuto)
→ Korean: 국도(國都) (gukdo)

國都