valvoa

Finnish

Etymology

Proto-Finnic *valvadak +‎ -oa (the base verb valvaa is only found in dialects). Cognate to Estonian valvama and Karelian valvuo. Possibly further related to valaa, or borrowed from Proto-Germanic *walwijaną.[1]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈʋɑlʋoɑˣ/, [ˈʋɑ̝lʋo̞ɑ̝(ʔ)]
  • Rhymes: -ɑlʋoɑ
  • Syllabification(key): val‧vo‧a

Verb

valvoa (usually atelic)

  1. (intransitive) to stay up, stay awake (to remain awake, to not go to bed)
    Hän valvoi yli nukkumaanmenoaikansa.
    She stayed up past her bedtime.
  2. (transitive) to oversee, supervise, superintend, guide
    Kongressin tehtävänä on valvoa liittovaltion varojen käyttöä.
    It is congress' duty to oversee the spending of federal funds.
  3. (transitive) to watch, keep an eye on
  4. (transitive) to enforce (a law, rule, etc.)
  5. (transitive) to supervise, proctor, monitor, invigilate (an examination)

Conjugation
Inflection of valvoa (Kotus type 52/sanoa, no gradation)
indicative mood
present tense perfect
person positive negative person positive negative
1st sing. valvon en valvo 1st sing. olen valvonut en ole valvonut
2nd sing. valvot et valvo 2nd sing. olet valvonut et ole valvonut
3rd sing. valvoo ei valvo 3rd sing. on valvonut ei ole valvonut
1st plur. valvomme emme valvo 1st plur. olemme valvoneet emme ole valvoneet
2nd plur. valvotte ette valvo 2nd plur. olette valvoneet ette ole valvoneet
3rd plur. valvovat eivät valvo 3rd plur. ovat valvoneet eivät ole valvoneet
passive valvotaan ei valvota passive on valvottu ei ole valvottu
past tense pluperfect
person positive negative person positive negative
1st sing. valvoin en valvonut 1st sing. olin valvonut en ollut valvonut
2nd sing. valvoit et valvonut 2nd sing. olit valvonut et ollut valvonut
3rd sing. valvoi ei valvonut 3rd sing. oli valvonut ei ollut valvonut
1st plur. valvoimme emme valvoneet 1st plur. olimme valvoneet emme olleet valvoneet
2nd plur. valvoitte ette valvoneet 2nd plur. olitte valvoneet ette olleet valvoneet
3rd plur. valvoivat eivät valvoneet 3rd plur. olivat valvoneet eivät olleet valvoneet
passive valvottiin ei valvottu passive oli valvottu ei ollut valvottu
conditional mood
present perfect
person positive negative person positive negative
1st sing. valvoisin en valvoisi 1st sing. olisin valvonut en olisi valvonut
2nd sing. valvoisit et valvoisi 2nd sing. olisit valvonut et olisi valvonut
3rd sing. valvoisi ei valvoisi 3rd sing. olisi valvonut ei olisi valvonut
1st plur. valvoisimme emme valvoisi 1st plur. olisimme valvoneet emme olisi valvoneet
2nd plur. valvoisitte ette valvoisi 2nd plur. olisitte valvoneet ette olisi valvoneet
3rd plur. valvoisivat eivät valvoisi 3rd plur. olisivat valvoneet eivät olisi valvoneet
passive valvottaisiin ei valvottaisi passive olisi valvottu ei olisi valvottu
imperative mood
present perfect
person positive negative person positive negative
1st sing. — — 1st sing. — —
2nd sing. valvo älä valvo 2nd sing. — —
3rd sing. valvokoon älköön valvoko 3rd sing. olkoon valvonut älköön olko valvonut
1st plur. valvokaamme älkäämme valvoko 1st plur. — —
2nd plur. valvokaa älkää valvoko 2nd plur. — —
3rd plur. valvokoot älkööt valvoko 3rd plur. olkoot valvoneet älkööt olko valvoneet
passive valvottakoon älköön valvottako passive olkoon valvottu älköön olko valvottu
potential mood
present perfect
person positive negative person positive negative
1st sing. valvonen en valvone 1st sing. lienen valvonut en liene valvonut
2nd sing. valvonet et valvone 2nd sing. lienet valvonut et liene valvonut
3rd sing. valvonee ei valvone 3rd sing. lienee valvonut ei liene valvonut
1st plur. valvonemme emme valvone 1st plur. lienemme valvoneet emme liene valvoneet
2nd plur. valvonette ette valvone 2nd plur. lienette valvoneet ette liene valvoneet
3rd plur. valvonevat eivät valvone 3rd plur. lienevät valvoneet eivät liene valvoneet
passive valvottaneen ei valvottane passive lienee valvottu ei liene valvottu
Nominal forms
infinitives participles
active passive active passive
1st valvoa present valvova valvottava
long 1st1
Possessive forms
Person sing. plur.
1st valvoakseni valvoaksemme
2nd valvoaksesi valvoaksenne
3rd valvoakseen
valvoaksensa
 past valvonut valvottu
2nd inessive2 valvoessa valvottaessa agent3 valvoma
Possessive forms
Person sing. plur.
1st valvoessani valvoessamme
2nd valvoessasi valvoessanne
3rd valvoessaan
valvoessansa
 negative valvomaton
instructive valvoen — 1) Used only with a possessive suffix.

2) Usually with a possessive suffix (active only).
3) Usually with a possessive suffix. Not used with intransitive verbs. Distinct from nouns with the -ma suffix and third infinitive forms.
4) Some uses of the verbal noun are called the 'fourth infinitive' by certain sources (more details).

3rd inessive valvomassa —
elative valvomasta —
illative valvomaan —
adessive valvomalla —
abessive valvomatta —
instructive valvoman valvottaman
4th4 verbal noun valvominen
5th1
Possessive forms
Person sing. plur.
1st valvomaisillani valvomaisillamme
2nd valvomaisillasi valvomaisillanne
3rd valvomaisillaan
valvomaisillansa

Synonyms
  • (to oversee, supervise, superintend): tarkkailla
  • (to watch, keep an eye): katsoa

Derived terms
adjectives
nouns
phrases
verbs

References
  • “valvama”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
  1. Aikio, Ante: Muutamia lisiä suomen germaaniseen lainasanastoon (2019)

Further reading

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *valvodak. Cognates include Finnish valvoa and Votic valvoa.

Pronunciation
  • (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈʋɑlʋoɑ/, [ˈʋɑɫʋo̞]
  • (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈʋɑlʋoɑ/, [ˈʋɑɫʋo̞ɑ]
  • Rhymes: -ɑlʋoː, -ɑlʋoɑ
  • Hyphenation: val‧vo‧a

Verb

valvoa

  1. (intransitive) to stay up (not go to bed)

Conjugation
Conjugation of valvoa (type 1/ampua, no gradation)
Indikativa
Preesens Perfekta
positive negative positive negative
1st singular valvon en valvo 1st singular oon valvont, oon valvonut en oo valvont, en oo valvonut
2nd singular valvot et valvo 2nd singular oot valvont, oot valvonut et oo valvont, et oo valvonut
3rd singular valvoo ei valvo 3rd singular ono valvont, ono valvonut ei oo valvont, ei oo valvonut
1st plural valvomma emmä valvo 1st plural oomma valvoneet emmä oo valvoneet
2nd plural valvotta että valvo 2nd plural ootta valvoneet että oo valvoneet
3rd plural valvoot1), valvovat2), valvotaa evät valvo, ei valvota 3rd plural ovat valvoneet evät oo valvoneet, ei oo valvottu
impersonal valvotaa ei valvota impersonal ono valvottu ei oo valvottu
Imperfekta Pluskvamperfekta
positive negative positive negative
1st singular valvoin en valvont, en valvonut 1st singular olin valvont, olin valvonut en olt valvont, en olt valvonut
2nd singular valvoit et valvont, et valvonut 2nd singular olit valvont, olit valvonut et olt valvont, et olt valvonut
3rd singular valvoi ei valvont, ei valvonut 3rd singular oli valvont, oli valvonut ei olt valvont, ei olt valvonut
1st plural valvoimma emmä valvoneet 1st plural olimma valvoneet emmä olleet valvoneet
2nd plural valvoitta että valvoneet 2nd plural olitta valvoneet että olleet valvoneet
3rd plural valvoit1), valvoivat2), valvottii evät valvoneet, ei valvottu 3rd plural olivat valvoneet evät olleet valvoneet, ei olt valvottu
impersonal valvottii ei valvottu impersonal oli valvottu ei olt valvottu
Konditsionala
Preesens Perfekta
positive negative positive negative
1st singular valvoisin en valvois 1st singular olisin valvont, olisin valvonut en olis valvont, en olis valvonut
2nd singular valvoisit, valvoist1) et valvois 2nd singular olisit valvont, olisit valvonut et olis valvont, et olis valvonut
3rd singular valvois ei valvois 3rd singular olis valvont, olis valvonut ei olis valvont, ei olis valvonut
1st plural valvoisimma emmä valvois 1st plural olisimma valvoneet emmä olis valvoneet
2nd plural valvoisitta että valvois 2nd plural olisitta valvoneet että olis valvoneet
3rd plural valvoisiit1), valvoisivat2), valvottais evät valvois, ei valvottais 3rd plural olisivat valvoneet evät olis valvoneet, ei olis valvottu
impersonal valvottais ei valvottais impersonal olis valvottu ei olis valvottu
Imperativa
Preesens Perfekta
positive negative positive negative
1st singular — — 1st singular — —
2nd singular valvo elä valvo 2nd singular oo valvont, oo valvonut elä oo valvont, elä oo valvonut
3rd singular valvokoo elköö valvoko 3rd singular olkoo valvont, olkoo valvonut elköö olko valvont, elköö olko valvonut
1st plural — — 1st plural — —
2nd plural valvokaa elkää valvoko 2nd plural olkaa valvoneet elkää olko valvoneet
3rd plural valvokoot elkööt valvoko, elköö valvottako 3rd plural olkoot valvoneet elkööt olko valvoneet, elköö olko valvottu
impersonal valvottakkoo elköö valvottako impersonal olkoo valvottu elköö olko valvottu
Potentsiala
Preesens
positive negative
1st singular valvonen en valvone
2nd singular valvonet et valvone
3rd singular valvonoo ei valvone
1st plural valvonemma emmä valvone
2nd plural valvonetta että valvone
3rd plural valvonoot evät valvone, ei valvottane
impersonal valvottannoo ei valvottane
Nominal forms
Infinitivat Partisipat
active passive
1st valvoa present valvova valvottava
2nd inessive valvojees past valvont, valvonut valvottu
instructive valvoen 1) Chiefly in the Soikkola dialect.
2) Chiefly in the Ala-Laukaa dialect.
*) For the imperative, the 2nd plural (valvokaa) may be used for the 3rd person as well.
**) The interrogative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) to the indicative
***) The deliberative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) or -kse to either the indicative or the potential
****) In folk poetry, a long first infinitive can be formed by adding the suffix -kse-, followed by possessive suffixes, to the first infinitive. Note that sometimes gemination may be undone by this addition.
3rd illative valvomaa
inessive valvomaas
elative valvomast
abessive valvomata
4th nominative valvomiin
partitive valvomista, valvomist

References
  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 638

Votic

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *valvodak.

Pronunciation
  • (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA(key): /ˈvɑlvoɑ̯/, [ˈvɑɫvoɑ̯]
  • Rhymes: -ɑlvoɑ̯
  • Hyphenation: val‧voa

Verb

valvoa

  1. (intransitive) to stay awake

Inflection
Conjugation of valvoa (type II-1/kuttsua, no gradation)
Indicative
Present Perfect
positive negative positive negative
1st singular valvon en valvo 1st singular õõn valvonnu en õõ valvonnu
2nd singular valvod ed valvo 2nd singular õõd valvonnu ed õõ valvonnu
3rd singular valvob eb valvo 3rd singular on valvonnu eb õõ valvonnu
1st plural valvommõ emmä valvo 1st plural öõmmõ valvonnu emmä õõ valvonnu
2nd plural valvottõ että valvo 2nd plural õõttõ valvonnu että õõ valvonnu
3rd plural valvota eväd valvo 3rd plural õlla valvottu eväd õõ valvottu
impersonal valvota eväd valvo impersonal õlla valvottu eväd õõ valvottu
Imperfect Pluperfect
positive negative positive negative
1st singular valvozin en valvonnu 1st singular õlin valvonnu —
2nd singular valvozid ed valvonnu 2nd singular õlid valvonnu —
3rd singular valvo eb valvonnu 3rd singular õli valvonnu —
1st plural valvozimmõ emmä valvonnu 1st plural õlimmõ valvonnu —
2nd plural valvozittõ että valvonnu 2nd plural õlittõ valvonnu —
3rd plural valvotti eväd valvottu 3rd plural õlti valvottu —
impersonal valvotti eväd valvottu impersonal õlti valvottu —
Conditional
Present Perfect
positive negative positive negative
1st singular valvoizin en valvoizʹ 1st singular õllõizin valvonnu en õllõizʹ valvonnu
2nd singular valvoizid ed valvoizʹ 2nd singular õllõizid valvonnu ed õllõizʹ valvonnu
3rd singular valvoizʹ eb valvoizʹ 3rd singular õllõizʹ valvonnu eb õllõizʹ valvonnu
1st plural valvoizimmõ emmä valvoizʹ 1st plural õllõizimmõ valvonnu emmä õllõizʹ valvonnu
2nd plural valvoizittõ että valvoizʹ 2nd plural õllõizittõ valvonnu että õllõizʹ valvonnu
3rd plural valvottaizʹ eväd valvottaizʹ 3rd plural õltaizʹ valvottu eväd õltaizʹ valvottu
impersonal valvottaizʹ eväd valvottaizʹ impersonal õltaizʹ valvottu eväd õltaizʹ valvottu
Imperative
Present
positive negative
1st singular — —
2nd singular valvo elä valvo
3rd singular valvogo elko valvogo
1st plural — —
2nd plural valvoga elka valvoga
3rd plural valvogod —
impersonal — —
Nominal forms
Infinitives Participles
active passive
1st valvoa present valvojõ1) —
2nd illative valvoma past valvonnu valvottu
inessive valvomõz 1) also used as the agent noun
elative valvomassõ
abessive valvomattõ

References
  • Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) “valvoa”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn
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