refringir

Catalan

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin refringere, with normal change of conjugation to -ir.

Pronunciation

Verb

refringir (first-person singular present refringeixo, first-person singular preterite refringí, past participle refringit)

  1. to refract
    Synonym: refractar

Conjugation
    Conjugation of refringir (third conjugation, with -eix-)
infinitive refringir
gerund refringint
past participle masculine feminine
singular refringit refringida
plural refringits refringides
person singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative jo tu ell/ella
vostè		 nosaltres
nós		 vosaltres
vós		 ells/elles
vostès
present refringeixo refringeixes refringeix refringim refringiu refringeixen
imperfect refringia refringies refringia refringíem refringíeu refringien
future refringiré refringiràs refringirà refringirem refringireu refringiran
preterite refringí refringires refringí refringírem refringíreu refringiren
conditional refringiria refringiries refringiria refringiríem refringiríeu refringirien
subjunctive jo tu ell/ella
vostè		 nosaltres
nós		 vosaltres
vós		 ells/elles
vostès
present refringeixi refringeixis refringeixi refringim refringiu refringeixin
imperfect refringís refringissis refringís refringíssim refringíssiu refringissin
imperative — tu vostè nosaltres vosaltres
vós		 vostès
affirmative — refringeix refringeixi refringim refringiu refringeixin
negative (no) — no refringeixis no refringeixi no refringim no refringiu no refringeixin

Further reading

Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin refringere. Cognate with English refringe.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /refɾinˈxiɾ/ [re.fɾĩŋˈxiɾ]
  • Rhymes: -iɾ
  • Syllabification: re‧frin‧gir

Verb

refringir (first-person singular present refrinjo, first-person singular preterite refringí, past participle refringido)

  1. (transitive, physics, archaic) to refringe, to refract
    Synonym: refractar
    La luz refringida de las paredes.
    The light refringed off the walls.
    • 1781, Benito Bails, Elementos de Matemática, page 457:
      Supongamos que el rayo violaceo contenido en el rayo heterogeneo FD […] sea refringido en la direccion DK; […]
      Suppose that the violet ray contained in the heterogeneous ray FD […] is refringed in the direction DK; […]
    • 1849, Pedro Mata y Fontanet, Sinopsis Filosófica de la Química, page 454:
      Solo son refrangibles, ó solo refringen la luz, los cuerpos simples gaseosos y cristalinos de cristalizacion regular y de poco peso específico; los opacos no refringen la luz.
      Only simple gaseous and crystalline bodies with regular crystallization and little specific weight are refractible, or only refringe light; the opaque ones do not refringe the light.
    • 1911, Juan Chiabra, Luis José Chorroarín, Elías del Carmen, La Enseñanza de la Filosofía en la Época Colonial, page 320:
      […] en la segunda, pues, se refringen cuando se hacen divergentes, es decir, se dispersan y se extienden; pero, estas retracciones se oponen diametralmente; luego, etc.
      […] in the second, then, they refringe when they become divergent, that is, they disperse and extend; but, these retractions are diametrically opposed; then, etc.
  2. (transitive, figuratively, archaic) to reflect, to mirror, to show
    • 1894, José Carvajal Hué, Los Anarquistas en Madrid, Madrid, Spain, page 7:
      Su conciencia refringe el bien de distinta manera que le refringe la mía; pero estí refracción produce el único lazo que hay entre ellos y yo: la misma intransigencia.
      Their conscience refringes the good in a different way than mine refringes; but this refraction produces the only bond that there is between them and me: the same intransigence.

Conjugation
    Conjugation of refringir (g-j alternation) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)
infinitive refringir
gerund refringiendo
past participle masculine feminine
singular refringido refringida
plural refringidos refringidas
singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
indicative yo tú
vos		 él/ella/ello
usted		 nosotros
nosotras		 vosotros
vosotras		 ellos/ellas
ustedes
present refrinjo refringestú
refringísvos		 refringe refringimos refringís refringen
imperfect refringía refringías refringía refringíamos refringíais refringían
preterite refringí refringiste refringió refringimos refringisteis refringieron
future refringiré refringirás refringirá refringiremos refringiréis refringirán
conditional refringiría refringirías refringiría refringiríamos refringiríais refringirían
subjunctive yo tú
vos		 él/ella/ello
usted		 nosotros
nosotras		 vosotros
vosotras		 ellos/ellas
ustedes
present refrinja refrinjastú
refrinjásvos2		 refrinja refrinjamos refrinjáis refrinjan
imperfect
(ra)		 refringiera refringieras refringiera refringiéramos refringierais refringieran
imperfect
(se)		 refringiese refringieses refringiese refringiésemos refringieseis refringiesen
future1 refringiere refringieres refringiere refringiéremos refringiereis refringieren
imperative — tú
vos		 usted nosotros
nosotras		 vosotros
vosotras		 ustedes
affirmative refringetú
refringívos		 refrinja refrinjamos refringid refrinjan
negative no refrinjas no refrinja no refrinjamos no refrinjáis no refrinjan

1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
2Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of refringir (g-j alternation)

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
with infinitive refringir
dative refringirme refringirte refringirle, refringirse refringirnos refringiros refringirles, refringirse
accusative refringirme refringirte refringirlo, refringirla, refringirse refringirnos refringiros refringirlos, refringirlas, refringirse
with gerund refringiendo
dative refringiéndome refringiéndote refringiéndole, refringiéndose refringiéndonos refringiéndoos refringiéndoles, refringiéndose
accusative refringiéndome refringiéndote refringiéndolo, refringiéndola, refringiéndose refringiéndonos refringiéndoos refringiéndolos, refringiéndolas, refringiéndose
with informal second-person singular tú imperative refringe
dative refríngeme refríngete refríngele refríngenos not used refríngeles
accusative refríngeme refríngete refríngelo, refríngela refríngenos not used refríngelos, refríngelas
with informal second-person singular vos imperative refringí
dative refringime refringite refringile refringinos not used refringiles
accusative refringime refringite refringilo, refringila refringinos not used refringilos, refringilas
with formal second-person singular imperative refrinja
dative refrínjame not used refrínjale, refrínjase refrínjanos not used refrínjales
accusative refrínjame not used refrínjalo, refrínjala, refrínjase refrínjanos not used refrínjalos, refrínjalas
with first-person plural imperative refrinjamos
dative not used refrinjámoste refrinjámosle refrinjámonos refrinjámoos refrinjámosles
accusative not used refrinjámoste refrinjámoslo, refrinjámosla refrinjámonos refrinjámoos refrinjámoslos, refrinjámoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative refringid
dative refringidme not used refringidle refringidnos refringíos refringidles
accusative refringidme not used refringidlo, refringidla refringidnos refringíos refringidlos, refringidlas
with formal second-person plural imperative refrinjan
dative refrínjanme not used refrínjanle refrínjannos not used refrínjanles, refrínjanse
accusative refrínjanme not used refrínjanlo, refrínjanla refrínjannos not used refrínjanlos, refrínjanlas, refrínjanse

Further reading

“refringir”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014

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