quisquis

See also: quis-quis

English

Alternative forms

Etymology

Shared with quisquous and quiscoskos; from Latin quisquis (“whosoever”) or by reduplication of Latin quis (“of what kind”).

Pronoun

quisquis

  1. (Scotland, rare) Whoever, whosoever.

Adjective

quisquis (comparative more quisquis, superlative most quisquis)

  1. (Scotland, rare) Synonym of quisquous.
    • 1909, William Macgill, “Topography and Local History”, in Old Ross-Shire and Scotland, As Seen in the Tain and Balnagown Documents‎:
      A drastic method this last to make sere of a full meeting and no shirkers of a “quisquis” business—evidently meaning a delicate and difficult one; a rare expression not found elsewhere in these papers.

References
  • “quisquis” in the Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries.
  • J[ames] B[rown] Montgomerie-Fleming (1899) “QUISQUOUS, iii. 593.”, in Desultory Notes on Jamieson’s Scottish Dictionary, Glasgow, Edinburgh: William Hodge & Company, pages 121–122

Latin

Etymology

Reduplication of quis.

Pronunciation

Pronoun

quisquis m or f (indefinite, neuter quidquid or quicquid)

  1. whoever, whatever

Usage notes
  • This pronoun is rarely used outside the nominative, accusative and vocative cases. For such instances, quis is usually employed.
  • Scaevola with a text out of a testament is cited with the neuter plural quaequae, and Ulpianus is cited with the accusative plural quōsquōs.[1]
  • Titus Livius is cited with dative or ablative plural quibusquibus in ab urbe condita book 41.[2][3] However, this depends on edition as it is: "liberos suos quibusquibus Romanis in eam condicionem",[4] or "liberos suos quibuslibet Romanis in eam condicionem".[5]
  • Cicero's pro P. Sestio is sometimes cited with the form quiqui,[3] but this does also depend on edition.[6] F. Neue stated, that quiqui appears in some editions of Cicero's pro P. Sestio, but not in manuscripts.[7]
  • Plautus, Aulularia, actus IV is sometimes given as a references for a nominative singular quīquī.[8] The text however does depend on the edition.[9]
  • Dictionaries and old grammars mention an adjectivally used feminine nominative *quaequae and a neuter *quodquod (or *quocquod). These forms however are unattested, while quisquis and quidquid (or quicquid) are used adjectivally too.[10][11]

Declension

Relative/interrogative pronoun.

Number Singular Plural
Case / Gender Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative quisquis quidquid
quicquid		 quīquī quaequae
Genitive cuiuscuius quōrumquōrum quārumquārum quōrumquōrum
Dative cuicui quibusquibus
quīsquīs
Accusative quemquem quamquam quidquid
quicquid		 quōsquōs quāsquās quaequae
Ablative quōquō quāquā quōquō quibusquibus
quīsquīs
Vocative quisquis quidquid
quicquid		 quīquī quaequae

Quotations
  • Plautus, Menaechmi, actus V. In: Plautus with an English translation by Paul Nixon, vol. II of five volumes, 1917, p. 446f.:
    Quisquis es, quidquid tibi nomen est, senex, summum Iovem deosque do testes—
    Whoever you are, whatever your name is, old gentleman, I call Heaven and God on high to witness—
  • Plautus, Menaechmi, actus V. In: Plautus with an English translation by Paul Nixon, vol. II of five volumes, 1917, p. 486f.:
    venibunt quiqui licebunt, praesenti pecunia.
    • For sale ... your own price ... cash down!
    • All will go for whatever they'll fetch at ready money prices. [12]
Latin correlatives (edit)
typedemonstrativeanaphoricidentityinterrogative/
relative		indefinitenegativeother
proximalmedialdistalrelativeindefiniteuniversalfree choicenegative polarity
basic hiciste, isticille, illicisipse, īdemquis/quīquisquis, quīcumquequis, quī, quīdam, aliquis, aliquī, quispiamquisquequīvis, quīlibetquisquam, ūllus, °aliquisquamnēmō, nihil, nūllusalius
dual uterutercumquealteruteruterqueutervīs, uterlibetneuteralter
place hīcistīcillīcibī̆ibī̆demubī̆ubiubi, ubī̆cumquealicubī, uspiamubīqueubivīs, ubilibetusquamnusquam, nūllibīalibī, aliās
source hincistincillincindeindidemundeundecumque, undeundealicundeundique°undelibetaliunde
destination hūc, °hōrsumistūc, °istōrsumillūc, °illōrsumeōeōdemquō, quōrsumquōquō, quōcumquealiquō, quōpiam, °aliquōvorsumquōvīs, quōlibetquōquamnusquam, nūllōrsumaliō, aliōrsum
method,
means,
path,
place		 hācistācillāceāeādemquāquāquā, quācumquealiquāquāquequāvīs, quālibetnēquāquam, haudquāquamaliā
manner hōc modōistō modōillō modōita, sīc,
eō modō		item, itidemut, quī, quō modō, quōmodo, quemadmodumutut, utcumque, quōmodocumquequī, quōdam modō, aliquō modōutiquequōmodolibetūllō modōnūllō modōaliter, aliōquī, alterō/aliō modō
time num, nuncōlimtum, tuncsimulquandō, ‡cumcumque, quandōcumque, quandōquequondam, aliquandōquandōquequandōlibetumquamnumquamaliās
quantity tam†tamen, †tandemquam†quamquamaliquamquamvīs, quamlibet
size tantustantusdemquantusquantuscumquealiquantusquantusvīs, quantuslibet
quality tālisquālisquālis, quāliscumquealiquālisquālislibet
number tottotidemquotquotquot, quotcumquealiquotquotlibet
order totusquotusquotuscumquealiquotusquotuslibet
repetition totiēnsquotiēnsquotiēnscumquealiquotiēnsquotiēnslibet
multiplication totuplexquotuplex
† Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated
° Rare
‡only used as a conjunction, not as an interrogative

Descendants

References
  • Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for schools and colleges founded on comparative grammar, edited by J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge, A. A. Howard and Benj. L. D'Ooge, 1903, p. 69:
    "In quisquis whoever, both parts are declined, but the only forms in common use are quisquis, quidquid (quicquid) and quōquō.
    Note 1.–Rare forms are quemquem and quibisquibus; an ablative quīquī is sometimes found in early Latin; the ablative feminine quāquā is both late and rare. Cuicui occurs as a genitive in the phrase cuicui modī, of whatever kind. Other cases are cited, but have no authority. In early Latin quisquis is occasionally feminine.
    Note 2.–Quisquis is usually substantive, except in the ablative quōquō, which is more commonly an adjective."
  1. Friedrich Neue, Formenlehre der Lateinischen Sprache, 2nd part, 2nd edition, Berlin, 1875, p. 248: "Quaequae als Neutr. Scäv. Dig. 34, 3, 28 § 1 aus einem Testament: Quibusque legata in eo testamento quod incideram dedi, omnia rata esse et quaequae scripta sunt volo;" and "Ut in dote essent fructus quosquos percepisset Ulpian. Dig. 23, 4, 4"
  2. Friedrich Neue, Formenlehre der Lateinischen Sprache, 2nd part, 2nd edition, Berlin, 1875, p. 245: "quibusquibus Liv. 41, 8, 10"
  3. “quisquis”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  4. Titi Livi ab urbe condita libri. Erklärt von W. Weissenborn, vol. 9, containing Livius' book XXXIV–XXXXII, Berlin, 1864, p. 230f.
  5. T. Livius: Römische Geschichte. Buch XXXIX-XLI. Lateinisch und deutsch herausgegeben von Hans Jürgen Hillen. 3rd edition, 2007, p. 272
  6. The texts of some editions:
    • M. T. Ciceronis orationes pro Publio Sextio et pro lege manilia. Für Schulen bearbeitet von Joh. Karl Wilhelm Lotzbeck, Baireuth, 1829, p. 58:
      Esto igitur, ut hi sint, quam tu nationem appellasti, qui et integri sunt, et sani, et bene de rebus domesticis constituti.
    • Oeuvres complètes de Cicéron, avec la traduction en français, publiées sous la direction, de M. Nisard. Tome Troisième, Paris, 1840, p. 82:
      Esto igitur, ut hi sint, quam tu nationem appellasti, quiqui integri sunt, et sani, et bene de rebus domesticis constituti.
    • Marcus Tullius Cicero: Die politischen Reden. Band II. Lateinisch–deutsch, edited, translated and explained by Manfred Fuhrmann, 1993, p. 224:
      Est igitur ut ii sint, quam tu "nationem" appellasti, qui et integri sunt et sani et bene de rebus domesticis constituti.
  7. Friedrich Neue, Formenlehre der Lateinischen Sprache, 2nd part, 2nd edition, Berlin, 1875, p. 248: "f. Sest. 45, 97 ist quiqui integri sunt in einigen Ausg. [= Ausgaben], aber in keiner Hdschr. [= Handschrift.]"
  8. “quiqui”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  9. The texts of some editions are:
    • M. Acci Plauti aulularia, edited by Franc. Goeller, 1825, p. 35:
      neque partém tibi
      Ab eo, quiqui est, indipisces; néque furem excipiés?
    • M. Accii Plauti comoediae, edited by J. F. Gronovius, vol. I., London, 1829, p. 310:
      "neque partem tibi
      Ab eo, quiqui est, inde posces: neque furem excipies?"
      Tibi ab eo quoi sit indipisces B. 1. Tibi ab eo cuique est inde pasces B. 2. cui sit indipisces Pl. 1. a m. sec. Hl. 1. cuiquam est inde posces Pl. 1. a m. pr. cuicumque est Pl. 5. cuiquam est dinipisces Lgg. Pll. 2. 6. 5. C. Nonius p. 556. 59. citat, Nec partem tibi adeo cui sit indipisces, neque furum excipies; at p. 651. 21. Neque partem ab eo, qui qui est, inde posces, neque furem excipias. Vet. quoque ed. Meurs. H. M. G. indipisces. Mss. aliquot Nonii, inde posces. C. et Pl. a m. pr. expies.
      NOTAE
      Inde posces] Alii indipisces.
    • Plautus with an English translation by Paul Nixon, vol. I of four volumes, 1916, p. 314f. (note: on p. v the author is named Titus Maccius Plautus):
      "Neque partem tibi ab eo qui habet indipisces neque furem excipies?"
      And you won't go shares with the man that has it, or shield the thief?
  10. Albert Harkness, Practical Introduction to Latin composition for schools and colleges, New York, 1876, p. 305: "Whatever. Quisquis, quaequae, quodquod and quicquid or quidquid.
  11. Friedrich Neue, Formenlehre der Lateinischen Sprache, 2nd part, 2nd edition, Berlin, 1875, p. 241: "Aber quisquis auch adjectivisch in quisquis color Verg. Ge. 2, 256 im Pal., im Med. und Bern. b c m sec. und bei Serv., und Horat. Serm. 2, 1, 60, quisquis honos Verg. Aen. 10, 493, quisquis erit ventus Plin. H. N. 18, 34, 77, 339."; p. 242: "Zu quisquam und quisquis ist nur das Neutr. quicquam oder quidquam und quicquid oder quidquid nachzuweisen" and "suum quidquid genus talearum Cato R. R. 48, 1, quidquid solamen humandi est Verg. Aen. 10, 493, und quidquid est nomen Plaut. bei Serv. zu dieser Stelle, ferner Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 60 und Pseud. 2, 2, 44, Gell. 4, 1, 4"
  12. Henry Thomas Riley, The Comedies of Plautus literally translated into English prose, with notes, vol. I. of two volumes, London, 1869, p. 372

Further reading
  • “quisquis”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “quisquis”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • quisquis in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
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