< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/peh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *peh₂-[1][2][3]

    1. to protect, to ward
    2. to shepherd

    Usage notes

    Semantic shift from "protector" towards "shepherd, herder" can be seen in many branches, signifying the importance of herding. Unusual is the o-grade root in Greek ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd, herdsman”), where the abstract nomina agentis suffix *-mn̥ usually binds e-grade, but that hardly seems sufficient to reconstruct *h₃ in the root and to separate it from *peh₂-.

    Derived terms
    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *peh₂-‎ (57 c, 0 e)
    • *peh₂(y)-
      • Proto-Albanian: *pa ̊
    • *péh₂-ti ~ *ph₂-énti (athematic root present)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHti
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHti
        • Proto-Iranian: *páHti
          • Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬝 (pāt̰)
    • *péh₂-s-ti ~ *ph₂-s-énti (s-present)[4][5]
    • *ph₂-sḱé-ti (*sḱé-present)
      • Proto-Italic: *pāskō (possibly; enlarged into a sḱe-present)
        • Latin: pāscō (“put to graze”)
      • Proto-Tocharian: *pāsk-
        • Tocharian A: pās- ("to look after, guard")
        • Tocharian: paskenträ
    • *poh₂-t-éye- or *ph₂-t-éye- (enlarged causative)
      • Proto-Germanic: *fōdijaną (“to feed”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Hellenic:
    • *ph₂-t-éh₂-(ye)-
      • Proto-Germanic: *fadōną (“to graze, feed oneself”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *poh₂-mn̥
      • Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: πῶμα (pôma, “lid, cover”)
    • *poh₂-i-mn̥
    • *poh₂-yus
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paHyúš
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paHyúṣ
        • Proto-Iranian: *paHyúš
          • Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬎 (pāiiu)
    • *ph₂tḗr (“father”)
    • *peh₂-tew-
      • Iranian: *pātew-
        • Persian پاده (pâda, “flock”)
        • Zazaki: pawetene (“to protect”), with metathesis
      • Iranian: *ā-pāta- "city, cultivated"
        • Persian: آباد (âbâd, “inhabited, cultivated; city, habitation”)
        • Bactrian: αβαδο (abado, “cultivated”)
        • Kurdish:
          • Central Kurdish: awedan (“built; inhabited; florishing”)
          • Northern Kurdish: ava (“built; inhabited; florishing”)
      • Iranian: *ā-pāta-na "city hall"
      • Armenian *pawta- "flock" (with metathesis):
        • Old Armenian: հաւտ (hawt, “flock”)
        • Old Armenian: *հաւտաղ (*hawtał, “shepherd”)
    • *peh₂-lo-
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • *peh₂-tro- (“guarder, protector, keeper”)
      • Armenian:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtras
        • Proto-Iranian: *páHθrah
          • Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (pāθra)
          • Middle Persian: pʾs (pās, “guard, watch”)
          • Manichaean Middle Persian: pʾhr (pāhr, “watch-post”)
            • Persian: پهر (pahr)
          • → Old Armenian: պարհ (parh), պահ (pah)
          • → Middle Armenian: պահրան (pahran) (possibly)
      • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *patriti
    • *peh₂-dʰlom
    • *peh₂-dʰrom
      • Proto-Germanic: *fōdrą (“fodder, sheath”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *Péh₂-usōn[6]
      • Hellenic:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHšā́
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *puHṣā́
          • Sanskrit: पूषन् (pūṣán, “Vedic god of meeting, marriages, journeys, roads, and the feeding of cattle”)
    • *péh₂-tōr ~ ph₂-tr-és (“protector, guardian”)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtā
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHtā
          • Sanskrit: पाता (pātā́, “protector, guardian”)
        • Proto-Iranian: *páHtā
    • Unsorted formations:
      • Armenian:
      • Proto-Germanic: *fōdô (“food”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *fōstrą (“fostering”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: πῶυ (pôu, “flock of sheep”)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paH-
        • Proto-Iranian: *paH-
          • Kurdish:
            • Northern Kurdish: payîn (“to wait, to anticipate”)
          • Old Persian: 𐎱𐎠 (p-a /⁠pā-⁠/)
            • Middle Persian: [script needed] (NTLWNtn'), to protect, guard (pʾtn' /⁠pādan⁠/)
      • Italic:

    References
    1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pā-: pə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 787
    2. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pō(i)-: (pəi- ?:) pī-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 839
    3. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*peh₂(i̯)-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 460
    4. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “paḫš-a(ri), paḫš-i”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 707-709
    5. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pasti I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 392
    6. Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 434
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