Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ph₂tḗr

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*ph₂tōr

Etymology

Often supposed to be from *peh₂- (“to protect, shepherd”) +‎ *-tḗr (agentive nominal suffix).

Noun

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*ph₂tḗr m

father
Synonyms: *átta, *tata-

Inflection

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*ph₂tḗr
genitive	*ph₂trés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ph₂tḗr	*ph₂térh₁(e)	*ph₂téres
vocative	*ph₂tér	*ph₂térh₁(e)	*ph₂téres
accusative	*ph₂térm̥	*ph₂térh₁(e)	*ph₂térm̥s
genitive	*ph₂trés	*?	*ph₂tróHom
ablative	*ph₂trés	*?	*ph₂tr̥mós
dative	*ph₂tréy	*?	*ph₂tr̥mós
locative	ph₂tér, ph₂téri	*?	*ph₂tr̥sú
instrumental	*ph₂tréh₁	*?	*ph₂tr̥mís

Hypernyms

*ǵénh₁tōr

Coordinate terms

*méh₂tēr (“mother”)
*bʰréh₂tēr (“brother”)
*dʰugh₂tḗr (“daughter”)
*swésōr (“sister”)
*suHnús (“son”)

Descendants

Proto-Armenian: *hatir, *hayir
- Old Armenian: հայր (hayr) (see there for further descendants)
- Old Armenian: յօրայ (yōray, “stepfather”), յաւրայ (yawray)
  - Armenian: հորա (hora)
Proto-Celtic: *ɸatīr (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *fadēr (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *patḗr (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pHtā́ (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *patēr (see there for further descendants)
Mysian: πατριζι (patrizi, pl.)
Phrygian: πατερης (paterēs, nominative plural)
Proto-Tocharian: *pācer
- Tocharian A: pācar
- Tocharian B: pācer