Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰer-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*bʰer- (imperfective)[1]

to bear, carry

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰer-‎ (70 c, 0 e)

*bʰér-e-ti (thematic root present)
*bʰér-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Albanian: *berja (see there for further descendants)
*bʰor-éye-ti (causative-iterative)
*bʰr̥-yé-ti (yé-present)[2]
- Proto-Germanic: *burjaną (see there for further descendants)
*bʰer-H-men[3]
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *bèrmę (“load, burden”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárHmā
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárHmā
    - Sanskrit: भरीमन् (bhárīman)
bʰereg-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: frigutio (“to chirp”)
*bʰēr-eh₂[4]
- Proto-Germanic: *bērō
*bʰer-h₁dyeh₂[5]
- Proto-Slavic: *berďa (“pregnant”)
*bʰér-h₁-tr-o-m[6]
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰéretron
  - Ancient Greek: φέρετρον (phéretron, “bier, litter, frame”)[7] (see there for further descendants)
  - >? Ancient Greek: φαρέτρᾱ (pharétrā, “quiver”) (from the plural) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárHtram
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárHtram
    - Sanskrit: भरित्र (bharítram-, “arm”)
*bʰér-ist(H)-o-s[8]
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰéristos
  - Ancient Greek: φέριστος (phéristos, “strongest-carrying ?”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárištʰas
  - Proto-Iranian: *bárištah
    - Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (baⁱrišta, “helping best”, voc.)
*bʰér-mn̥ ~ *bʰr̥-mén-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰérmə
  - Ancient Greek: φέρμᾰ (phérma, “fruit of the womb/earth”)[7]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárma
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárma
    - Sanskrit: भर्मन् (bhárman)
*bʰer-n-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰernā́
  - Ancient Greek: φερνή (phernḗ, “dowry”)[9]
*bʰer-no-
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: բեռն (beṙn)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Latgalian: bārns (“child”)
  - Latvian: bērns (“child”)
  - Lituanian: bernas (“young, unmarried man; child; boy; servant”)
  - Sudovian: barnaj (“children”)
*bʰer-n-yo-m
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰérnyom
  - Ancient Greek: φέρνιον (phérnion, “fish-basket”)[10]
*bʰer-ont-ih₂ ~ *bʰer-ont-y-eh₂
- Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: preṃtsa (“pregnant [of a woman]; potent [of a man]”)[11]
*bʰér-ti-s (“the act of carrying, bearing”)
*bʰér-tr-o-m[6]
- Proto-Germanic: *berdrą (< *bʰer(H)tróm)
  - Proto-West Germanic: *berdr
    - Old English: beordor (“birth”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰértron
  - Ancient Greek: φέρτρον (phértron, “bier”)[7]

*bʰṓr (“thief”)
*bʰor-éh₂
- Proto-Albanian: *barā[12]
  - Albanian: barrë (“burden, load”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰorā́
  - Ancient Greek: φορᾱ́ (phorā́)
*bʰor-id-eh₂[13]
- Proto-Italic: *for(i)dā
  - Latin: forda (“cow in calf”)
*bʰor-mo-
- Proto-Germanic: *barmaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰormos
  - (perhaps) Ancient Greek: φορμός (phormós)
*bʰor-n-eh₂
- Proto-Albanian: *barnā[14]
  - Albanian: barrë (“pregnancy; foetus, child”)
*bʰor-no-m[15]
- Proto-Germanic: *barną (see there for further descendants)
*bʰóros
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰóros
  - Ancient Greek: φόρος (phóros, “tribute”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáras
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáras
    - Sanskrit: भर (bhára)
*bʰor-ó-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰorós
  - Ancient Greek: φορός (phorós, “bearing, carrying, tending”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰārás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰārás
    - Sanskrit: भार (bhārá-, “bearing, carrying, bringing; bestowing, granting; burden, load, weight”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *bāráh
    - Avestan: 𐬠𐬁𐬭𐬀 (bāra)
    - Old Median: *-βārə́h
*bʰor-uko-[16]
- Proto-Albanian: *báruka
  - Albanian: bark (“belly, abdomen, womb”)
- Messapic:
  - →? Ancient Greek: βάρυκα (báruka)
*bʰr̥-tew-n-éh₂
- Proto-Italic: *fortūnā
  - Latin: fortūna
*h₂ed-bʰer-[17][18]
- Proto-Celtic: *adbertā
  - Old Irish: ad-opair (“(s)he sacrifices”)[17][18]
  - Old Welsh: aperth (“animal sacrifice, offering, prayer”)[17][18]
    - Welsh: aberth
  - Breton: aberzh
- *h₂ed-bʰer-e-ti
  - Proto-Germanic: *atberaną (see there for further descendants)
  - Phrygian: αββερετ (abberet)
- *h₂ed-bʰer-tōr
  - Proto-Italic: *adfertōr
    - Umbrian: arsfertur, arsfetur (“priest”)[17][18]
Unsorted formations:
- Albanian:
  - Albanian: bir (“son”)[19]
- Proto-Germanic: *bringaną[20] (probably) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *buriz (“son”)[21] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *burþį̄ (see there for further descendants)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: -աւոր (-awor)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: ber̃ždžias, ber̃gždžias (“barren (of a cow)”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *bèrďь (“pregnant”) (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: φορεύς (phoreús, “bearer”)[7]
- Indo-Aryan
  - Sanskrit: भार (bhārá) (see there for further descendants)
- Italic:
  - Latin: fordus (“pregnant”)

Extended form *bʰr-ew-

(possibly) *bʰrews- (“belly”)[22]
- *bʰrews-o-[23]
  - Balto-Slavic:
    - Proto-Slavic: *břȗxo, *břȗxъ (“belly”)[23] (see there for further descendants)
- *bʰrus-on-[22]
  - Proto-Celtic: *brusū (“belly, abdomen, chest, breast”)[22] (see there for further descendants)
- Unsorted formations:
  - Germanic:
    - *breustą (“breast, chest”) (see there for further descendants)
    - *brusts (“breast, chest”) (see there for further descendants)

References

Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*burjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 85
Derksen, Rick (2008) “*bèrmę”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 37
Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bērō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 61
Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1974), “*berdja”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 1 (*a – *besědьlivъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 188
Olsen, Birgit Anette (1988) The Proto-Indo-European Instrument Noun Suffix *-tlom and its Variants (Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser; 55), Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, →ISBN, page 10: “1.13 *bʰer(h₁)-(e)-trom”
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “φέρω, -ομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1562–1563
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “φέριστος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1562
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “φερνή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1562
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “φέρνιον”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1562
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “preṃtsa”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 452-453
Demiraj, B. (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎ (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 92
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “forda”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 232
Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “barrë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 19
Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*barna-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53
Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “bark”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 18
Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Sacrifice”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 496
Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 413
Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “bir”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 26
Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bringan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 77
Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*buri-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 85
Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bruson-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 81
Derksen, Rick (2008) “*bŗȗxo; *bŗȗxъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 63

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[Ringe_2006-1] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*burjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 85

[3] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*bèrmę”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 37

[4] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bērō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 61

[5] Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1974), “*berdja”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 1 (*a – *besědьlivъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 188

[Olsen-6] Olsen, Birgit Anette (1988) The Proto-Indo-European Instrument Noun Suffix *-tlom and its Variants (Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser; 55), Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, →ISBN, page 10: “1.13 *bʰer(h₁)-(e)-trom”

[Beekes-7] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “φέρω, -ομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1562–1563

[8] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “φέριστος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1562

[9] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “φερνή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1562

[10] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “φέρνιον”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1562

[Adams-11] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “preṃtsa”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 452-453

[12] Demiraj, B. (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎ (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 92

[13] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “forda”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 232

[14] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “barrë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 19

[15] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*barna-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53

[16] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “bark”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 18

[EIEC-17] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Sacrifice”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 496

[Oxford-18] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 413

[19] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “bir”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 26

[20] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bringan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 77

[21] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*buri-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 85

[EDPC-22] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bruson-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 81

[EDSIL-23] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*bŗȗxo; *bŗȗxъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 63