< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gaizaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰoysós (“throwing spear”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to drive, move, fling”). Related to Sanskrit हेषस् (heṣas, “missile”), Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (zaēna, “weapon”), Ancient Greek χαῖος (khaîos, “shepherd's staff”).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈɣɑi̯.zɑz/

Noun

*gaizaz m

  1. spear, pike, javelin

Inflection
masculine a-stemDeclension of *gaizaz (masculine a-stem)
singular plural
nominative *gaizaz *gaizōz, *gaizōs
vocative *gaiz *gaizōz, *gaizōs
accusative *gaizą *gaizanz
genitive *gaizas, *gaizis *gaizǫ̂
dative *gaizai *gaizamaz
instrumental *gaizō *gaizamiz

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Proto-West Germanic: *gaiʀ
    • Old English: gār
      • Middle English: gor, gar, gare, gær
    • Old Frisian: *gār, gēr
      • Saterland Frisian: Goare
      • West Frisian: gear
    • Old Saxon: gēr
      • Middle Low German: gêr
        • Westphalian:
          Westmünsterländisch: Geere, Geer
    • Old Dutch: *gēr
    • Old High German: gēr, giri
  • Proto-Norse: *ᚷᚨᛁᛉᚨᛉ (*gaiʀaʀ)
    • Old Norse: geirr, ᚴᛅᛁᛦ (kaiʀ)
    • → Finnish: kaira (< Late Proto-Norse *gaiRaR)
  • Gothic: *𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃 (*gais) (preserved in given names)
  • Vandalic: *gais/*geis
  • → Proto-Finnic: *kaihas (see there for further descendants)
  • → Proto-Celtic: *gaisos[1] (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gayso-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 154
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