크다
Korean
Etymology
First attested in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103, as Late Old Korean 黑根 (Yale: *hùkú-n), reflecting the realis gerundive form with Old Korean 隱 (*-n). Hence the Old Korean verbal stem would have been *hùkú-. Beyond Old Korean, also connected to Baekje 鞬 (*ke-n).
In the Hangul script, first attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 크〮다〮 (Yale: khútá).
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kxɯda̠]
(file)
- Phonetic hangul: [크다]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | keuda |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | keuda |
| McCune–Reischauer? | k'ŭda |
| Yale Romanization? | khuta |
Adjective
크다 • (keuda) (infinitive 커, sequential 크니)
Conjugation
Selected forms of the adjective 크다 (keuda): vowel-stem, regular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 크다 keuda |
커 keo |
커요 keoyo |
큽니다 keumnida |
| Past | 컸다 keotda |
컸어 keosseo |
컸어요 keosseoyo |
컸습니다 keotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 크냐 keunya |
커 keo |
커요 keoyo |
큽니까 keumnikka |
| Past | 컸냐 keonnya |
컸어 keosseo |
컸어요 keosseoyo |
컸습니까 keotseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 크겠다 keugetda | 크겠어 keugesseo | 크겠어요 keugesseoyo | 크겠습니다 keugetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 커 keo | 커서 keoseo | 크니 keuni | 크니까 keunikka | |
| Contrast | 크지만 keujiman | 큰데 keunde | 크더니 keudeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 크고 keugo | ||||
| Condition | 크면 keumyeon | 커야 keoya | |||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 큼 keum | 크기 keugi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 컸음 keosseum | 컸기 keotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 큰 keun | |||
| Future | 클 keul | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain (해라체) | Informal (해체) | Polite (해요체) | Formal (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 크시다 keusida |
크셔 keusyeo |
크세요, 크셔요 keuseyo, keusyeoyo |
크십니다 keusimnida |
| Past | 크셨다 keusyeotda |
크셨어 keusyeosseo |
크셨어요 keusyeosseoyo |
크셨습니다 keusyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 크시냐 keusinya |
크셔 keusyeo |
크세요, 크셔요 keuseyo, keusyeoyo |
크십니까 keusimnikka |
| Past | 크셨냐 keusyeonnya |
크셨어 keusyeosseo |
크셨어요 keusyeosseoyo |
크셨습니까 keusyeotseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 크시겠다 keusigetda | 크시겠어 keusigesseo | 크시겠어요 keusigesseoyo | 크시겠습니다 keusigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 크셔 keusyeo | 크셔서 keusyeoseo | 크시니 keusini | 크시니까 keusinikka | |
| Contrast | 크시지만 keusijiman | 크신데 keusinde | 크시더니 keusideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 크시고 keusigo | ||||
| Condition | 크시면 keusimyeon | 크셔야 keusyeoya | |||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 크심 keusim | 크시기 keusigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 크셨음 keusyeosseum | 크셨기 keusyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 크신 keusin | |||
| Future | 크실 keusil | ||||
Verb
크다 • (keuda) (infinitive 커, sequential 크니) (intransitive)
Conjugation
Selected forms of the verb 크다 (keuda): vowel-stem, regular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 큰다 keunda |
커 keo |
커요 keoyo |
큽니다 keumnida |
| Past | 컸다 keotda |
컸어 keosseo |
컸어요 keosseoyo |
컸습니다 keotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 크느냐 keuneunya |
커 keo |
커요 keoyo |
큽니까 keumnikka |
| Past | 컸느냐 keonneunya |
컸어 keosseo |
컸어요 keosseoyo |
컸습니까 keotseumnikka | |
| Hortative | 크자 keuja | 커 keo | 커요 keoyo | 크십시다 keusipsida | |
| Imperative | 커라 keora | 커 keo | 커요 keoyo | 큽시오 keupsio | |
| Assertive | 크겠다 keugetda | 크겠어 keugesseo | 크겠어요 keugesseoyo | 크겠습니다 keugetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 커 keo | 커서 keoseo | 크니 keuni | 크니까 keunikka | |
| Contrast | 크지만 keujiman | 크는데 keuneunde | 크더니 keudeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 크고 keugo | ||||
| Condition | 크면 keumyeon | 커야 keoya | |||
| Motive | 크려고 keuryeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 큼 keum | 크기 keugi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 컸음 keosseum | 컸기 keotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 큰 keun | |||
| Present | 크는 keuneun | ||||
| Future | 클 keul | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 크신다 keusinda |
크셔 keusyeo |
크세요, 크셔요 keuseyo, keusyeoyo |
크십니다 keusimnida |
| Past | 크셨다 keusyeotda |
크셨어 keusyeosseo |
크셨어요 keusyeosseoyo |
크셨습니다 keusyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 크시느냐 keusineunya |
크셔 keusyeo |
크세요, 크셔요 keuseyo, keusyeoyo |
크십니까 keusimnikka |
| Past | 크셨느냐 keusyeonneunya |
크셨어 keusyeosseo |
크셨어요 keusyeosseoyo |
크셨습니까 keusyeotseumnikka | |
| Imperative | 크시라 keusira | 크셔 keusyeo | 크세요 keuseyo | 크십시오 keusipsio | |
| Assertive | 크시겠다 keusigetda | 크시겠어 keusigesseo | 크시겠어요 keusigesseoyo | 크시겠습니다 keusigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 크셔 keusyeo | 크셔서 keusyeoseo | 크시니 keusini | 크시니까 keusinikka | |
| Contrast | 크시지만 keusijiman | 크시는데 keusineunde | 크시더니 keusideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 크시고 keusigo | ||||
| Condition | 크시면 keusimyeon | 크셔야 keusyeoya | |||
| Motive | 크시려고 keusiryeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 크심 keusim | 크시기 keusigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 크셨음 keusyeosseum | 크셨기 keusyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 크신 keusin | |||
| Present | 크시는 keusineun | ||||
| Future | 크실 keusil | ||||
Middle Korean
Etymology
From Old Korean *hùkú-; see the modern Korean 크다 (keuda) entry for more.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /kʰɨ́.tá/, [kʰɨ́.dá]
Verb
크〮다〮 (khútá) (infinitive 커〮, sequential 크〮니〮) (intransitive)
Usage notes
Typically used adjectivally in the past tense, i.e. "which has gotten bigger" > "which is big".
Conjugation
The template Template:okm-conj-short/H does not use the parameter(s): 31=크〮가〮 32=khúká 47=크〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯건 48=khúzǒpkèn 51=크〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯건〮 52=khúzǒpkénPlease see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.
| Selected conjugations of 크〮다〮 (khútá), Accentual class H | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Note that the majority of the forms below are unattested for any one verb. Orthography and pitch accent assignment can vary between sources. | |||||
| Selected plain sentence-final forms | |||||
| Declarative | Interrogative | Modulated declarative | |||
| Polar question | Wh-word question | Second-person subject | |||
| Past | 크〮다〮 (khútá) 크〮니라〮 (khúnìlá) | 큰〮가〮 (khúnká) 크〮녀〮 (khúnyé) | 큰〮고〮 (khúnkwó) 크〮뇨〮 (khúnyó) | 큰〮다〮 (khúntá) | 쿠〮라〮 (khwúlá) |
| Present | 크〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (khúnòtá) 크〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (khúnónìlá) | 크〮ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (khúnònká) 크〮ᄂᆞ녀〮 (khúnònyé) | 크〮ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (khúnònkwó) 크〮ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (khúnònyó) | 크〮ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (khúnòntá) | 크〮노라〮 (khúnwòlá) |
| Conjectural | 크〮리라〮 (khúlìlá) | 크ᇙ〮가〮 (khúlqká) 크〮려〮 (khúlyé) | 크ᇙ〮고〮 (khúlqkwó) 크〮료〮 (khúlyó) | 크ᇙ〮다〮 (khúlqtá) | 쿠〮리라〮 (khwúlìlá) |
| Retrospective/ imperfective |
크〮더라〮 (khútèlá) 크〮더〮니라〮 (khúténìlá) | 크〮던가〮 (khútènká) 크〮더녀〮 (khútènyé) | 크〮던고〮 (khútènkwó) 크〮더뇨〮 (khútènyó) | 크〮던다〮 (khútèntá) | 크〮다라〮 (khútàlá) |
| Promissive/Hortative | Imperative | Exclamatory/Emotive | |||
크〮라〮 (khúlá, order) 크〮고라〮 (khúkwòlá, request) | 큰〮뎌〮 (khúntyé), 클〮쎠〮 (khúlssyé) 크〮도다〮 (khútwòtá), 크〮돗다〮 (khútwòstá) 케〮라〮 (khéylá) | ||||
| Selected highly deferential sentence-final forms | |||||
| Past | 크〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúngìtá) 크〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúníngìtá) | 크〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (khúníngìská) | 크〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (khúníngìskwó) | no separate forms | 쿠〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khwúngìtá) |
| Present | 크〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúnóngìtá) 크〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúnòníngìtá) | 크〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (khúnòníngìská) | 크〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (khúnòníngìskwó) | 크〮노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúnwóngìtá) | |
| Conjectural | 크〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúlíngìtá) | 크〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (khúlíngìská) | 크〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (khúlíngìskwó) | 쿠〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khwúlíngìtá) | |
| Promissive/Hortative | Imperative | Exclamatory/Emotive | |||
크〮쇼셔〮 (khúsyòsyé, order) | 크〮도다〮 (khútwòtá), 크〮돗다〮 (khútwòstá) 케〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khéyngìtá) | ||||
| Selected honorific declarative forms | |||||
| Past | Present | Conjectural | Retrospective/ imperfective | 거 (-ke-) form | |
| Plain subject-honoring | 크〮시다〮 (khúsìtá) 크〮시〮니라〮 (khúsínìlá) | 크〮시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (khúsínòtá) 크〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (khúsìnónìlá) | 크〮시〮리라〮 (khúsílìlá) | 크〮더〮시다〮 (khútésìtá) 크〮더시〮니라〮 (khútèsínìlá) | 크〮거〮시다〮 (khúkésìtá) 크〮거시〮니라〮 (khúkèsínìlá) |
| Deferential subject-honoring | 크〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúsíngìtá) 크〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúsìníngìtá) | 크〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúsìnóngìtá) 크〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúsínòníngìtá) | 크〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúsílíngìtá) | 크〮더시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khútèsíngìtá) 크〮더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khútésìníngìtá) | 크〮거시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúkèsíngìtá) 크〮거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (khúkésìníngìtá) |
| Selected connective forms | |||||
| Connective | Causative | Conditional/situating | Contrastive/concessive | Purposive/desiderative | Infinitive |
| 크〮고〮 (khúkwó) 크〮며〮 (khúmyé) 크〮다가〮 (khútàká) | 크〮니〮 (khúní) 크〮거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (khúkènól) 클〮ᄊᆡ〮 (khúlssóy, only in declarative) 크〮관ᄃᆡ〮 (khúkwàntóy, only in interrogative) | 크〮면〮 (khúmyén) 크〮거든〮 (khúkètún) 큰〮대〮 (khúntáy) 크〮건댄〮 (khúkèntáyn) | 크〮나〮 (khúná) 쿠〮ᄃᆡ〮 (khwútóy) 큰〮ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (khúntól) 크〮건〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (khúkénmàlón) | 쿠〮려〮 (khwúlyé) 크〮고져〮 (khúkwòcyé, desires own action) 크〮과뎌〮 (khúkwàtyé, desires other's action) | 커〮 (khé) |
| Adnominal/gerundive forms | |||||
| Past | Present | Conjectural | |||
| Unmodulated non-honorific | 큰〮 (khún) | 크〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (khúnón) | 크ᇙ〮 (khúlq) | ||
| Modulated non-honorific | 쿤〮 (khwún) | 크〮논〮 (khúnwón) | 쿠ᇙ〮 (khwúlq) | ||
| Unmodulated subject-honoring | 크〮신〮 (khúsín) | 크〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (khúsìnón) | 크〮시ᇙ〮 (khúsílq) | ||
| Substantive forms | |||||
| Plain | Subject-honoring | ||||
쿰〮 (khwúm) | 크〮샴〮 (khúsyám) | ||||
Descendants
- Korean: 크다 (keuda)
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