鶏

See also: 鷄 and 雞

鶏	U+9D8F, 鶏 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9D8F

← 鶎
[U+9D8E]

CJK Unified Ideographs

鶐 →
[U+9D90]

Translingual

Traditional	雞
Simplified	鸡
Japanese	鶏
Korean	鷄

Han character

鶏 (Kangxi radical 196, 鳥+8, 19 strokes, cangjie input 月人竹日火 (BOHAF), composition ⿰⿱爫夫鳥)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 1494, character 10

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 47074

Dae Jaweon: page 2024, character 8

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): not present, would follow volume 7, page 4641, character 14

Unihan data for U+9D8F

Japanese

Shinjitai	鶏
Kyūjitai	鷄

Kanji

鶏

(common “Jōyō” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 鷄)

chicken
bird

Readings

Go-on: け (ke)
Kan-on: けい (kei, Jōyō)
Kun: にわとり (niwatori, 鶏, Jōyō)^{←にはとり (nifatori, 鶏, historical)}; とり (tori, 鶏); かけ (kake, 鶏); くたかけ (kutakake)

Compounds

鶏(けい)冠(かん) (keikan, “cockscomb”)
鶏(けい)肉(にく) (keiniku, “chicken meat”)
烏(う)骨(こっ)鶏(けい) (ukokkei): silky, silkie (breed of chicken)
軍(ぐん)鶏(けい) (gunkei)
水(すい)鶏(けい) (suikei, “rail; water rail”)
養(よう)鶏(けい) (yōkei, “poultry farming, chicken raising”)
黄鶏(かしわ) (kashiwa): a Japanese native species of chicken with dark reddish-brown feathers; the meat thereof; chicken (meat)
水鶏(くいな), 秧鶏(くいな) (kuina, “rail, water rail”)
軍鶏(シャモ) (shamo, “gamecock”)
矮鶏(チャボ) (chabo, “bantam”)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
鶏
にわとり Grade: S
kun’yomi

Alternative spellings
鷄 (kyūjitai) 雞

⟨nipa tu to₂ri⟩ → */nipatːəri/ → /nifatori/ → /niwatori/

Originally derived from the 枕詞 (makura kotoba, “pillow word”, an epithet as a poetic device) compound phrase 庭つ鳥 (niwa tsu tori), 庭 (niwa, “garden”) +‎ つ (tsu, Old Japanese possessive particle) +‎ 鳥 (tori, “bird”), used in Old Japanese poetry as an allusive introduction to kake, the older word for “chicken” (see below). The medial tsu disappeared over time, yielding modern Japanese niwatori.[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) にわとり [nìwátórí] (Heiban – [0])[2]
IPA^(key): [ɲ̟iɰᵝa̠to̞ɾʲi]

Noun

鶏(にわとり) or 鶏(ニワトリ) • (niwatori) ^{←にはとり (nifatori)^?}

a domesticated chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)
Synonyms: 臼辺鳥 (usubedori), 鳥 (tori)

Hypernym: 雉 (kiji)

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ニワトリ.

Proverbs

鶏(にわとり)を割(さ)くに焉(いずく)んぞ牛(ぎゅう)刀(とう)を用(もち)いん (niwatori o saku ni izukun zo gyūtō o mochiin, “why chop a chicken with a meat cleaver? → don't exaggerate”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
鶏
かけ Grade: S
kun’yomi

Alternative spellings
鷄 (kyūjitai) 雞

⟨kake₁⟩ → */kakʲe/ → /kake/ From Old Japanese, first attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).

Onomatopoeic of the sound made by a chicken.[1][2] Compare English cluck.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ka̠ke̞]

Noun

鶏(かけ) • (kake)

a chicken (domesticated fowl)
Synonym: 臼辺鳥 (usubedori)
- 711–712, Kojiki, poem 2:
  
  [...]　爾波都登理(にはつとり)　迦祁(かけ)波那久(はなく)　[...] [Man'yōgana]
  [...]　庭(には)つ鳥(とり)　鶏(かけ)は鳴(な)く　[...] [Modern spelling]
  ...niwa tsu tori, kake wa naku...
  the garden bird, the chicken clucks

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
鶏
くたかけ Grade: S
kun’yomi

Alternative spelling
鷄 (kyūjitai)

First attested in The Tales of Ise.

Etymological details

This word has also been spelled as くだかけ (kudakake). This word must have been a compound of くた (kuta/kuda) +‎ 鶏 (kake, “chicken; rooster”).

However, the initial kuta-/kuda- portion has been subject to debate. Several sources have attempted to give an etymology:[3]

The Hikobae of 1847 and the Daigenkai derive kuta- as a word meaning 'stinky'.
The Kita-no-bezuihitsu, Meigentsū, and the Minakata-Kumakusu derive this from 百済鶏 (kudara-kake, literally “Baekje chicken”), saying that the chicken was imported from there.
The Wakun-no-Shiori derives kuta as an eastern word for "house". The same source also supposes a Sanskrit origin, transcribed as kukutaeshira, and also supposes it was derived from 管掛 (kuda-kake) from the way it has a good voice.
The Honchō Jigen derives this from kudo-kake, where kudo- means 'a passing sound' and -kake means 'to put on'.
The Myōgoki derives kuda- from 数連 (kazutsura), while -kake is an onomatopoeic sound.

The third etymology is the most likely, as this note appears in several manuscripts of The Tales of Ise, and Vovin (2021) identifies kuda- with Ainu コタン (kotan, “village”) (c.f. English village and villa). He also identifies the poem in The Tales of Ise as being a hybrid Japanese-Ainu poem.[4]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [kɯ̟ᵝta̠ka̠ke̞]

Noun

鶏(くたかけ) • (kutakake)

(archaic) a chicken (domesticated fowl)
Synonym: 臼辺鳥 (usubedori)

Usage notes

Occasionally seen with the reading くだかけ (kudakake).[3][2]

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
鶏
とり Grade: S
kun’yomi

Alternative spellings
鷄 (kyūjitai) 雞

From 鳥 (tori, “bird”).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) とり [tòrí] (Heiban – [0])[2]
IPA^(key): [to̞ɾʲi]

Noun

鶏(とり) • (tori)

Alternative spelling of 鳥 (tori): a chicken (domesticated fowl); chicken meat

Derived terms

鶏(とり)の空(そら)音(ね) (tori no sorane, “cock's false cry”)
鶏(と)冠(さか) (tosaka, “cockscomb”)

References

Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
“くた‐かけ【鶏】”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) ‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)
Vovin, Alexander (2021) “Ainu elements in early Japonic”, in Handbook of the Ainu Language, →DOI

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[KDJ-1] Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[KDJ2O-3] “くた‐かけ【鶏】”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) ‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)

[AinuJ-4] Vovin, Alexander (2021) “Ainu elements in early Japonic”, in Handbook of the Ainu Language, →DOI