ἐρυθρός
See also: ερυθρός
Ancient Greek
FWOTD – 29 June 2020
Etymology
From Proto-Hellenic *erutʰrós, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rudʰrós (“red”), from the root *h₁rewdʰ-.
Compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀬𐀲𐀨 (e-ru-ta-ra). Cognates include Russian рёдрый (rjódryj), Sanskrit रुधिर (rudhirá), Latin ruber, Tocharian A rtär, Tocharian B ratre, and Proto-Germanic *raudaz (English red). Note that Greek is the only branch to preserve the sound of the laryngeal *h₁ at the beginning of the word, which became ε (e).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /e.ry.tʰrós/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /e.ryˈtʰros/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /e.ryˈθros/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /e.ryˈθros/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /e.riˈθros/
Adjective
ἐρῠθρός • (eruthrós) m (feminine ἐρῠθρᾱ́, neuter ἐρῠθρόν); first/second declension
- reddish, red
- Synonym: πῠρρός (purrhós)
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.365–367:
- ᾰ̓́λλον δ’ ἐνθένδε χρῡσὸν καὶ χᾰλκὸν ἐρῠθρὸν ἠδὲ γῠναῖκᾰς ἐῠ̈ζώνους πολῐόν τε σῐ́δηρον ᾰ̓́ξομαι
- állon d’ enthénde khrūsòn kaì khalkòn eruthròn ēdè gunaîkas eüzṓnous polión te sídēron áxomai
- From there I will bring more gold and red bronze and fair-girdled women and much iron
- ᾰ̓́λλον δ’ ἐνθένδε χρῡσὸν καὶ χᾰλκὸν ἐρῠθρὸν ἠδὲ γῠναῖκᾰς ἐῠ̈ζώνους πολῐόν τε σῐ́δηρον ᾰ̓́ξομαι
- 6th century BC, Theognis of Megara, Elegies 449–450:
- εὑρήσεις δέ με πᾶσῐν ἐπ’ ἔργμᾰσῐν ὥσπερ ᾰ̓́πεφθον χρῡσὸν ἐρῠθρὸν ῐ̓δεῖν τρῑβόμενον βᾰσᾰ́νῳ
- heurḗseis dé me pâsin ep’ érgmasin hṓsper ápephthon khrūsòn eruthròn ideîn trībómenon basánōi
- You will find me in all my actions like refined gold, red to the eye when rubbed against a touchstone
- εὑρήσεις δέ με πᾶσῐν ἐπ’ ἔργμᾰσῐν ὥσπερ ᾰ̓́πεφθον χρῡσὸν ἐρῠθρὸν ῐ̓δεῖν τρῑβόμενον βᾰσᾰ́νῳ
Inflection
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | ἐρῠθρός eruthrós |
ἐρῠθρᾱ́ eruthrā́ |
ἐρῠθρόν eruthrón |
ἐρῠθρώ eruthrṓ |
ἐρῠθρᾱ́ eruthrā́ |
ἐρῠθρώ eruthrṓ |
ἐρῠθροί eruthroí |
ἐρῠθραί eruthraí |
ἐρῠθρᾰ́ eruthrá | |||||
Genitive | ἐρῠθροῦ eruthroû |
ἐρῠθρᾶς eruthrâs |
ἐρῠθροῦ eruthroû |
ἐρῠθροῖν eruthroîn |
ἐρῠθραῖν eruthraîn |
ἐρῠθροῖν eruthroîn |
ἐρῠθρῶν eruthrôn |
ἐρῠθρῶν eruthrôn |
ἐρῠθρῶν eruthrôn | |||||
Dative | ἐρῠθρῷ eruthrôi |
ἐρῠθρᾷ eruthrâi |
ἐρῠθρῷ eruthrôi |
ἐρῠθροῖν eruthroîn |
ἐρῠθραῖν eruthraîn |
ἐρῠθροῖν eruthroîn |
ἐρῠθροῖς eruthroîs |
ἐρῠθραῖς eruthraîs |
ἐρῠθροῖς eruthroîs | |||||
Accusative | ἐρῠθρόν eruthrón |
ἐρῠθρᾱ́ν eruthrā́n |
ἐρῠθρόν eruthrón |
ἐρῠθρώ eruthrṓ |
ἐρῠθρᾱ́ eruthrā́ |
ἐρῠθρώ eruthrṓ |
ἐρῠθρούς eruthroús |
ἐρῠθρᾱ́ς eruthrā́s |
ἐρῠθρᾰ́ eruthrá | |||||
Vocative | ἐρῠθρέ eruthré |
ἐρῠθρᾱ́ eruthrā́ |
ἐρῠθρόν eruthrón |
ἐρῠθρώ eruthrṓ |
ἐρῠθρᾱ́ eruthrā́ |
ἐρῠθρώ eruthrṓ |
ἐρῠθροί eruthroí |
ἐρῠθραί eruthraí |
ἐρῠθρᾰ́ eruthrá | |||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
ἐρῠθρῶς eruthrôs |
ἐρῠθρότερος eruthróteros |
ἐρῠθρότᾰτος eruthrótatos | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Derived terms
- δῐέρῠθρος (diéruthros)
- ἐνέρῠθρος (enéruthros)
- ἐξέρῠθρος (exéruthros)
- ἐρῠθραίνομαι (eruthraínomai)
- ἐρῠθραίνω (eruthraínō)
- ἐρῠθραῖος (eruthraîos)
- ἐρῠ́θρημᾰ (erúthrēma)
- ἐρῠθρῖνος (eruthrînos)
- ἐρῠθρόβωλος (eruthróbōlos)
- ἐρῠθροβᾰφής (eruthrobaphḗs)
- ἐρῠθρόγρᾰμμος (eruthrógrammos)
- ἐρῠθροδᾰ́κτῠλος (eruthrodáktulos)
- ἐρῠθρόδᾰνον (eruthródanon)
- ἐρῠθροειδής (eruthroeidḗs)
- ἐρῠθροκομῐ́ς (eruthrokomís)
- ἐρῠθροκᾰ́ρδῐος (eruthrokárdios)
- ἐρῠθρόλευκος (eruthróleukos)
- ἐρῠθρομέλᾱς (eruthromélās)
- ἐρῠθρόνῐον (eruthrónion)
- ἐρῠθρόξᾰνθος (eruthróxanthos)
- ἐρῠθροποίκῐλος (eruthropoíkilos)
- ἐρῠθρόπους (eruthrópous)
- ἐρῠθροπρόσωπος (eruthroprósōpos)
- ἐρῠθρότης (eruthrótēs)
- ἐρῠθρόχλωρος (eruthrókhlōros)
- ἐρῠθρόχροος (eruthrókhroos)
- ἐρῠθρώδης (eruthrṓdēs)
- ἐρῠθρᾰ́δῐον (eruthrádion)
- ἐρῠθρᾰνός (eruthranós)
- ἐρῠθρῐ́ς (eruthrís)
- ἐρῠθρῐ́ᾱς (eruthríās)
- λευκέρῠθρος (leukéruthros)
- ῠ̔περέρῠθρος (huperéruthros)
- ῠ̔πέρῠθρος (hupéruthros)
Descendants
λευκός (leukós) | γλαυκός (glaukós), κῐλλός (killós), πολῐός (poliós), φαιός (phaiós), χαροπός (kharopós) | ᾰ̓μαυρός (amaurós), κελαινός (kelainós), μαυρός (maurós), μέλᾱς (mélās) |
ἐρῠθρός (eruthrós); κᾰρῡ́κῐνος (karū́kinos), κόκκῐνος (kókkinos), φοινός (phoinós) | πυρρός (purrhós); ὄρφνῐνος (órphninos) | μήλινος (mḗlinos), ξᾰνθός (xanthós); ὠχρός (ōkhrós) |
πρᾰ́σῐνος (prásinos) | χλωρός (khlōrós) | χλωρός (khlōrós); χλωρομέλᾱς (khlōromélās) |
κῠᾰ́νεος (kuáneos); γλαυκός (glaukós), κᾰλάϊνος (kaláïnos) | κῠᾰ́νεος (kuáneos) | κῠᾰ́νεος (kuáneos), ὑᾰκῐ́νθῐνος (huakínthinos) |
ἰόεις (ióeis), φοινῑ́κεος (phoinī́keos); ᾰ̔λουργής (halourgḗs), πορφῠ́ρεος (porphúreos), οἶνοψ (oînops) | φοινῑ́κεος (phoinī́keos); ᾰ̔λουργής (halourgḗs), πορφῠ́ρεος (porphúreos) | ῥόδινος (rhódinos), ῥοδόεις (rhodóeis) |
References
- “ἐρυθρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ἐρυθρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “ἐρυθρός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- ἐρυθρός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- ἐρυθρός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “ἐρυθρός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G2063 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
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