бꙑти
Old Church Slavonic
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *byti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuh₂-. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian būti and Latvian būt. Other Indo-European cognates include Latin fuī (“I was”), Ancient Greek φύω (phúō), Sanskrit भवति (bhávati, “to become”), and Persian بودن (bûdan, “to be”), Old English bēon (English be).
Verb
бꙑти • (byti) impf
- to be
- from the Life of Constantine:
- филосѡѳе, вѣмь тѧ троудна соуща, но достоить тебѣ тамо ити.
- filosoθe, věmĭ tę trudna sušta, no dostoitĭ tebě tamo iti.
- Philosopher, I see that you are weary, but it does suit you to go there.
- from the Life of Constantine:
Usage notes
| Attested бѣ-forms[1][2][3][4][5][6] | ||
|---|---|---|
| бѣхъ | ⰱⱑ[7] | ⰱⱑ,[8] бѣше,[9] бѣѣше,[10] бѣаше[11] |
| ? | ? | (бѣста[12]), (бѣаста[13]), ⰱⱑⱄⱅⰵ,[14] ⰱⱑⰰⱎⰵⱅⰵ[15] |
| ⰱⱑⱈⱁⰿⱏ[16] | ? | бѣшѧ,[17] бѣхѫ,[18] бѣѣхѫ,[19] бѣахѫ[20] |
| Attested би-forms[21][22][23][24][25] | ||
|---|---|---|
| бимь/бимъ | би | би |
| ? | ? | ? |
| бимъ/бимь, бихомъ | бисте | бѫ, бишѧ |
Conjugation
| present | imperfective | aorist | future | imperative | perfective aorist | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person sg | есмь (esmĭ) | бѣахъ (běaxŭ) | бѣхъ (běxŭ) | бѫдѫ (bǫdǫ) | бѫдѣмь (bǫděmĭ) | бꙑхъ (byxŭ) |
| 2nd person sg | еси (esi) | бѣаше (běaše) | бѣ (bě) | бѫдеши (bǫdeši) | бѫди (bǫdi) | бꙑстъ (bystŭ) / бꙑ (by) |
| 3rd person sg | естъ (estŭ) | бѣаше (běaše) | бѣ (bě) | бѫдетъ (bǫdetŭ) | бѫди (bǫdi) | бꙑстъ (bystŭ) / бꙑ (by) |
| 1st person dual | есвѣ (esvě) | бѣаховѣ (běaxově) | бѣховѣ (běxově) | бѫдевѣ (bǫdevě) | бѫдѣвѣ (bǫděvě) | бꙑховѣ (byxově) |
| 2nd person dual | еста (esta) | бѣашета (běašeta) | бѣста (běsta) | бѫдета (bǫdeta) | бѫдѣта (bǫděta) | бꙑста (bysta) |
| 3rd person dual | есте (este) | бѣашете (běašete) | бѣсте (běste) | бѫдете (bǫdete) | бѫдѣте (bǫděte) | бꙑсте (byste) |
| 1st person pl | есмъ (esmŭ) | бѣахомъ (běaxomŭ) | бѣхомъ (běxomŭ) | бѫдемъ (bǫdemŭ) | бѫдѣмъ (bǫděmŭ) | бꙑхомъ (byxomŭ) |
| 2nd person pl | есте (este) | бѣашете (běašete) | бѣсте (běste) | бѫдете (bǫdete) | бѫдѣте (bǫděte) | бꙑсте (byste) |
| 3rd person pl | сѫтъ (sǫtŭ) | бѣахѫ (běaxǫ) | бѣшѧ (běšę) | бѫдѫтъ (bǫdǫtŭ) | бѫдѫ (bǫdǫ) | бꙑшѧ (byšę) |
participles
| masculine sg | neuter sg | feminine sg | |
|---|---|---|---|
| present active participle | сꙑ (sy) | сꙑ (sy) | сѫщи (sǫšti) |
| resultative participle | бꙑлъ (bylŭ) | бꙑло (bylo) | бꙑла (byla) |
| past active participle | бꙑвъ (byvŭ) | бꙑвъ (byvŭ) | бꙑвъши (byvŭši) |
| substantive | — | бꙑтьѥ, бꙑтиѥ (bytĭje, bytije) | — |
не бꙑти (negative conjugation)
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | нѣсмь (něsmĭ) | нѣсвѣ (něsvě) | нѣсмъ (něsmŭ) |
| 2nd person | нѣси (něsi) | нѣста (něsta) | нѣсте (něste) |
| 3rd person | нѣстъ (něstŭ) | нѣсте (něste) | не сѫтъ (ne sǫtŭ) |
Derived terms
- бꙑтие (bytie)
- бꙑть (bytĭ)
- бꙑтьнъ (bytĭnŭ)
- добꙑти (dobyti)
- забꙑти (zabyti)
- забꙑтие (zabytie)
- забꙑть (zabytĭ)
- забꙑтьливъ (zabytĭlivŭ)
- избꙑти (izbyti)
- избꙑтие (izbytie)
- избꙑтъкъ (izbytŭkŭ)
- небꙑтие (nebytie)
- небꙑтьнъ (nebytĭnŭ)
- неизбꙑтьнъ (neizbytĭnŭ)
- прибꙑти (pribyti)
- прибꙑтъкъ (pribytŭkŭ)
- прѣбꙑти (prěbyti)
- прѣбꙑтие (prěbytie)
- прѣбꙑть (prěbytĭ)
- прѣбꙑтьнъ (prěbytĭnŭ)
- самобꙑтие (samobytie)
- самобꙑтьнъ (samobytĭnŭ)
- събꙑти (sŭbyti)
- събꙑтие (sŭbytie)
Related terms
References
- Karl Meyer (1935) “бѣхъ, бѣ, бѣ, бѣаше, бѣхомъ, бѣшѧ, бѣахѫ, бѣста, бѣаста”, in Altkirchenslavisch-griechisches Wörterbuch des Codex Suprasliensis (in German), Glückstadt, Hamburg: Verlag J. J. Augustin, page 21
- Сергѣй Северьяновъ (1922) “бꙑти”, in Синайская псалтырь. Глаголическій памятникъ XI вѣка. (in Russian), Saint Petersburg (Petrograd): Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Россійской Академіи Наукъ, page 193
- Vatroslav Jagić (1883) “бꙑти”, in Памятникъ глаголической письменности. Маріинское четвероевангеліе съ примѣчаніями и приложеніями. (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, page 482
- Вячеславъ Щепкинъ (1903) “бꙑти”, in Саввина Книга (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Императорской Академіи Наукъ, page 156
- The template Template:R:cu:orv:ostr1057 does not use the parameter(s):
a=1
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.Григории, editor (1057), “бѣ, бѣ, бѣаста, бѣахѫ, бѣаше, бѣста, бѣсте, бѣхъ бѣхѫ, бѣше, бѣшѧ (leaf 52)”, in Еулие [Ostromir Gospels] (in Old Church Slavonic), page 52 - “бꙑти”, in http://syntacticus.org
- “ⱅⱏⰹ ⰱⱑ (line -13, leaf 39)”, in Codex Marianus [Ф.87 №6] (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia, 1016±16, page Mt:26:69
- “ⰱⱑ (leaf 260, line -7)”, in Codex Zographensis [Глаг. 1] (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia, 1000±33, page Jn:11:1
- Сава, editor (1050±50), “бѣше (line 7, leaf 87)”, in Sava's book (in Old Church Slavonic), page Jn:12:2
- Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣѣше”, in Codex Suprasliensis (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 23.5, line 30
- Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣаше”, in Codex Suprasliensis (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 62, line 26
- Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣста”, in Codex Suprasliensis (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 214.5, line 30
- Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣаста”, in Codex Suprasliensis (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 102.5, line 5
- “ⰱⱑⱄⱅⰵ (line 14, leaf 35)”, in Codex Assemanius [Vat. Slav. 3] (in Old Church Slavonic), Vatican Library, 10xx?, page Mt:4:18
- “ⰱⱑⰰⱎⰵⱅⰵ (leaf 78, line -5)”, in Codex Zographensis [Глаг. 1] (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia, 1000±33, page Mk:1:16
- “ⰴⰾⱏⰶⱐⱀⰻ ⰱⱑⱈⱁⰿⱏ ⱄⱏⱅⰲⱁⱃⰻⱅⰻ (leaf 195.5, line -9)”, in Codex Zographensis [Глаг. 1] (in Old Church Slavonic), National Library of Russia, 1000±33
- Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣшѧ”, in Codex Suprasliensis (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 10.5, line 17
- Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “прикладаѥма бѣхѫ”, in Codex Suprasliensis (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 199, line 24
- Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣѣхѫ”, in Codex Suprasliensis (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 77.5, line 13
- Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), “бѣахѫ”, in Codex Suprasliensis (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 1.5, line 28
- Сергѣй Северьяновъ (1922) “II. бꙑти”, in Синайская псалтырь. Глаголическій памятникъ XI вѣка. (in Russian), Saint Petersburg (Petrograd): Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Россійской Академіи Наукъ, page 193
- Vatroslav Jagić (1883) “бꙑти”, in Памятникъ глаголической письменности. Маріинское четвероевангеліе съ примѣчаніями и приложеніями. (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, page 482
- Вячеславъ Щепкинъ (1903) “бꙑти”, in Саввина Книга (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Отдѣленіе русскаго языка и словесности Императорской Академіи Наукъ, page 156
- Karl Meyer (1935) “быти”, in Altkirchenslavisch-griechisches Wörterbuch des Codex Suprasliensis (in German), Glückstadt, Hamburg: Verlag J. J. Augustin, page 22
- “бꙑти”, in http://syntacticus.org
- Андрей Бояджиев, Старобългарска читанка, София, 2016.
Further reading
- А. К. Поливанова, editor (2013), “Глагол бꙑти”, in Старославянский язык. Грамматика. Словари. (in Russian), Moscow: Университет Дмитрия Пожарского, page 329
- А. К. Поливанова, editor (2013), “Глагол ѥсмь”, in Старославянский язык. Грамматика. Словари. (in Russian), Moscow: Университет Дмитрия Пожарского, page 328
- Cejtlin, R.M.; Večerka, R.; Blagova, E., editors (1994), “А. Таблица форм атематических глаголов”, in Staroslavjanskij slovarʹ (po rukopisjam X—XI vekov) [Old Church Slavonic Dictionary (Based on 10–11th Century Manuscripts)], Moscow: Russkij jazyk, page 829
- Koch, Christoph (1990) “§ 66 Konj. I.1b (bǫdǫ byti)”, in Das morphologische System des altkirchenslavischen Verbums (in German), Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag, page 711
- The template Template:R:cu:orv:ostr1057 does not use the parameter(s):
a=1
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.Григории, editor (1057), “Спряженіе глаголовъ неправильныхъ. § 39. (leaf 30)”, in Еулие [Ostromir Gospels] (in Old Church Slavonic), page 30 - Cejtlin, R.M.; Večerka, R.; Blagova, E., editors (1994), “бꙑти”, in Staroslavjanskij slovarʹ (po rukopisjam X—XI vekov) [Old Church Slavonic Dictionary (Based on 10–11th Century Manuscripts)], Moscow: Russkij jazyk, page 103
- Hauptova Z., editor (1958–1997), “бꙑти”, in Slovník jazyka staroslověnského (Lexicon linguae palaeoslovenicae), volume 1, Prague: Euroslavica, page 152
Old East Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *byti. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic бꙑти (byti) and Old Polish być.
Pronunciation
Verb
бꙑти (byti) impf
- (copulative) to be
- 1076, Sviatoslav's izbornik, page 1:
- Добро есть, братиѥ, почѥтаньѥ книжьноѥ։ паче вьсѧкомоу хрьстьꙗноу·
- Dobro estĭ, bratije, počjetanĭje knižĭnoje։ pače vĭsękomu xrĭstĭjanu·
- The reading of books is good, brothers: more so for any Christian.
- (auxiliary) With the l-participle, used to form the past tense.
- 1377, Dmitry of Suzdal, Laurentian Codex, page 1:
- ѿкуду єсть пошла рускаꙗ ꙁемѧ.
- otŭkudu estĭ pošla ruskaja zemę.
- Whence has originated the Russian land.
- (auxiliary, verb in the 3rd person singular, subject in the dative) to have to
Conjugation
Conjugation of бꙑти (irregular)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | 1st | есмь esmĭ |
есвѣ esvě |
есмъ esmŭ |
| 2nd | еси esi |
еста esta |
есте este | |
| 3rd | есть estĭ |
еста esta |
сѫть sǫtĭ | |
| Aorist | 1st | бꙑхъ, бѣхъ byxŭ, běxŭ |
бꙑховѣ, бѣховѣ byxově, běxově |
бꙑхомъ, бѣхомъ byxomŭ, běxomŭ |
| 2nd | бꙑ, бꙑсть, бѣ by, bystĭ, bě |
бꙑста, бѣста bysta, běsta |
бꙑсте, бѣсте byste, běste | |
| 3rd | бꙑ, бꙑсть, бѣ by, bystĭ, bě |
бꙑста, бѣста bysta, běsta |
бꙑша, бѣша byša, běša | |
| Imperfect | 1st | бѣахъ, бꙗхъ běaxŭ, bjaxŭ |
бѣаховѣ, бꙗховѣ běaxově, bjaxově |
бѣахомъ, бꙗхомъ běaxomŭ, bjaxomŭ |
| 2nd | бѣаше, бꙗше běaše, bjaše |
бѣаста, бꙗста běasta, bjasta |
бѣасте, бꙗсте běaste, bjaste | |
| 3rd | бѣаше, бꙗше běaše, bjaše |
бѣаста, бꙗста běasta, bjasta |
бѣаша, бꙗша, бꙗхѫ běaša, bjaša, bjaxǫ | |
| Imperative | бѫди bǫdi |
бѫдѣта bǫděta |
бѫдѣте bǫděte | |
| Cohortative | — — |
бѫдѣвѣ bǫděvě |
бѫдѣмъ bǫděmŭ | |
| Present Active Participle | Present Passive Participle | Past Active Participle | Past Passive Participle | |
| сꙑ sy |
— — |
бꙑвъ byvŭ |
— — | |
| L-Participle | Infinitive | Supine | ||
| бꙑлъ bylŭ |
бꙑти byti |
бꙑтъ bytŭ | ||
Future conjugation of бꙑти (irregular)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | бѫдѫ bǫdǫ |
бѫдевѣ bǫdevě |
бѫдемъ bǫdemŭ |
| 2nd | бѫдеши bǫdeši |
бѫдета bǫdeta |
бѫдете bǫdete |
| 3rd | бѫдеть bǫdetĭ |
бѫдета bǫdeta |
бѫдѫть bǫdǫtĭ |
| Future Active Participle | бѫда bǫda | ||
Descendants
References
- Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1893) “бꙑти”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments] (in Russian), volumes 1 (А – К), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 204
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