< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰuH-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*bʰuH- (perfective)

  1. to be, become, grow, appear

Reconstruction notes

Some sources such as LIV reconstruct full-grade forms *bʰewh₂- or *bʰweh₂-, on the basis of Italic and Celtic preterite and subjunctive stem.[1] According to Jasanoff, this root has no full grade, and the laryngeal cannot be precisely determined.[2]

Alternative reconstructions

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰuH-‎ (54 c, 0 e)
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰewH-‎ (2 c, 0 e)

Note: In many descendants, this root formed a suppletive verbal paradigm together with other roots, such as *h₁es- and *h₂wes-.

  • *bʰúH-t (zero-grade root aorist)
  • *bʰéwH-eti (full-grade root present) (these are analogical according to some sources)
    • Proto-Germanic: *beuną (suppletive) (< athematic *bʰéwH-ti) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáwHati
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáwHati
        • Sanskrit: भवति (bhávati) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Iranian: *báwati
        • Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (bauuaiti)
        • Northern Kurdish: bûn
        • Persian: بودن (budan)
  • *bʰuH-yé-ti (ye-present)
  • *bʰowH-éye-ti (causative)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāwˀitei?
      • Lithuanian: bùvintis
      • Proto-Slavic: *baviti (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāwáyati
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰāwáyati
        • Sanskrit: भावयति (bhāváyati)
  • *bʰe-bʰúH-e ~ *bʰe-bʰuH-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰabʰúHa
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *babʰúHa
  • *bʰúH-tis
    • Proto-Albanian: *bwātā
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *bytь (“culture, essence”)[4] (abstract denominal of *byti) (see there for further descendants)
    • Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: φῠ́σῐς (phúsis), φῠ́στῐς (phústis)
        • →? Albanian: fis
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúHtiš
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰúHtiṣ
  • *bʰuH-ti-ḱos
  • *bʰúH-tus
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: bū́tu
      • Old Prussian: būton, boūton
      • Proto-Slavic: *bytъ (“entity, creature”)[4] (denominal from the supine of *byti)
  • *bʰúH-m-i-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúHmiš (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰúH-mn̥
    • Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: φῦμᾰ (phûma)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúHma
  • *bʰuH-eh₂
    • Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: φυή (phuḗ)
  • *bʰuH-tós
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: bùtas (“accommodation”)
      • Proto-Slavic: *byto (“being”)[4]
    • Proto-Celtic: *butā
      • Brythonic:
        • Old Breton: Bot-
        • Cornish: bod
        • Middle Welsh: bod
      • Goidelic:
    • Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: φῠτός (phutós), φῠτόν (phutón)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuHtás (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰuH-lom
  • *bʰuH-s
  • *bʰúH-tlom
    • Proto-Hellenic: *pʰútlā, *pʰútlon
      • Ancient Greek: φῠ́τλᾱ (phútlā), φῠ́τλη (phútlē); φῠ́τλον (phútlon)
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: būklas, bū́kla
      • Proto-Slavic: *bydlo (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰuH-ros
    • Proto-Germanic: *būraz (see there for further descendants)[5]
  • *pro-bʰHus (“good, excellent”)[6]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prabʰHúš
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prabʰHúṣ
    • Proto-Italic: *proβos
      • Latin: probus (see there for further descendants)
  • *swe-bʰuH- (perhaps, + *swe- (“self”))
  • Unsorted formations:

Further reading

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰu̯eh₂- ‘wachsen, entstehen, werden’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 98–101
  2. Jay Jasanoff, Hittite and the Indo-European Verb, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, pages 112, 113
  3. Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
  4. Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1976), “byti”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 3 (*bratrьcь – *cьrky), Moscow: Nauka, page 155
  5. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “Būra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  6. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “probus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 490
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