есть

See also: естъ and -есть

Old Novgorodian

Alternative forms

Etymology

First attested as есть (estĭ) in year 1095±25. From Proto-Slavic *estь.

Verb

есть (estĭ)

  1. third-person singular present of бꙑти (byti)

References
  1. “letter no. 721/647/683”, in Древнерусские берестяные грамоты [Birchbark Literacy from Medieval Rus] (in Russian), http://gramoty.ru, 2007–2024
  2. “letter no. 163”, in Древнерусские берестяные грамоты [Birchbark Literacy from Medieval Rus] (in Russian), http://gramoty.ru, 2007–2024
  3. “letter no. 548”, in Древнерусские берестяные грамоты [Birchbark Literacy from Medieval Rus] (in Russian), http://gramoty.ru, 2007–2024
  4. “letter no. 815”, in Древнерусские берестяные грамоты [Birchbark Literacy from Medieval Rus] (in Russian), http://gramoty.ru, 2007–2024
  5. “letter no. 705”, in Древнерусские берестяные грамоты [Birchbark Literacy from Medieval Rus] (in Russian), http://gramoty.ru, 2007–2024
  6. “letter no. 709”, in Древнерусские берестяные грамоты [Birchbark Literacy from Medieval Rus] (in Russian), http://gramoty.ru, 2007–2024
  7. “letter no. 60”, in Древнерусские берестяные грамоты [Birchbark Literacy from Medieval Rus] (in Russian), http://gramoty.ru, 2007–2024
  8. “letter no. 19”, in Древнерусские берестяные грамоты [Birchbark Literacy from Medieval Rus] (in Russian), http://gramoty.ru, 2007–2024

Further reading

Russian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ěsti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēˀstei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁édti.

Alternative forms

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [jesʲtʲ], (proscribed, only the infinitive and its derivations) [jisʲtʲ]
  • Audio(file)

Verb

есть • (jestʹ) impf (perfective съесть or пое́сть)

  1. to eat
    Он ел мя́со и сала́т. ― On jel mjáso i salát. ― He was eating meat and salad.
    есть поедо́м ― jestʹ pojedóm ― to make somebody's life a misery by nagging
Conjugation
Conjugation of е́сть (class irreg-b imperfective transitive)
Note: For declension of participles, see their entries. Adverbial participles are indeclinable.
* Rare.
imperfective aspect
infinitive е́сть
jéstʹ
participles present tense past tense
active едя́щий
jedjáščij		е́вший
jévšij
passive едо́мый*
jedómyj*		е́денный
jédennyj
adverbial едя́
jedjá		е́в
jév,
е́вши
jévši
present tense future tense
1st singular (я) е́м
jém		бу́ду е́сть
búdu jéstʹ
2nd singular (ты) е́шь
jéšʹ		бу́дешь е́сть
búdešʹ jéstʹ
3rd singular (он/она́/оно́) е́ст
jést		бу́дет е́сть
búdet jéstʹ
1st plural (мы) еди́м
jedím		бу́дем е́сть
búdem jéstʹ
2nd plural (вы) еди́те
jedíte		бу́дете е́сть
búdete jéstʹ
3rd plural (они́) едя́т
jedját		бу́дут е́сть
búdut jéstʹ
imperative singular plural
е́шь
jéšʹ		е́шьте
jéšʹte
past tense singular plural
(мы/вы/они́)
masculine (я/ты/он) е́л
jél		е́ли
jéli
feminine (я/ты/она́) е́ла
jéla
neuter (оно́) е́ло
jélo
Derived terms
verbs
See also

Etymology 2

From Proto-Slavic *estь.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [jesʲtʲ]
  • Audio(file)

Verb

есть • (jestʹ)

  1. inflection of быть (bytʹ):
    1. present indicative
    2. first/second/third-person singular/plural present indicative imperfective
  2. there is, there are, exists/exist (expresses availability, existence or presence)
    Antonym: нет (net)
    в э́той газе́те есть интере́сная статья́ ― v étoj gazéte jestʹ interésnaja statʹjá ― there is an interesting article in this newspaper
  3. am/is/are located (at) (usually omitted)
  4. used to express possession
    у меня́ есть вопро́с ― u menjá jestʹ voprós ― I have a question
  5. am, is, are (used with any person or thing in any number, usually omitted but used for emphasis)
    кто ты есть? ― kto ty jestʹ? ― who are you (at all)?
Usage notes
  • This form of быть (bytʹ) is special and most frequently used in the present tense, for past and future tense and other forms, see быть (bytʹ).
  • The pre-reform orthography (1918) form ѣсть (jěstʹ) doesn't apply to this sense, only to the sense "to eat"; thus, the two terms were spelled differently before the reform.

Etymology 3

Borrowed from English yes.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [jesʲtʲ]
  • Audio(file)

Interjection

есть • (jestʹ) (military, not in general use)

  1. yes!, hooray!
  2. okay, right, roger
  3. (military) yessir!
  4. (nautical) aye-aye!

References
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “есть”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
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