National Front | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Malay name | Barisan Nasional باريسن ناسيونل |
| Chinese name | 国民阵线 國民陣線 |
| Tamil name | தேசிய முன்னனி |
| Abbreviation | BN |
| Chairman | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi |
| Secretary-General | Zambry Abdul Kadir |
| Deputy Chairman | Mohamad Hasan |
| Vice Chairman | |
| Advisor | Najib Razak |
| Treasurer-General | Johari Abdul Ghani |
| Founder | Abdul Razak Hussein |
| Founded | 1 January 1973[1] |
| Legalised | 1 June 1974 (as a party) |
| Preceded by | Alliance |
| Succeeded by | Gabungan Parti Sarawak (in Sarawak) (2018) Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (in Sabah) (2022)[2] |
| Headquarters | Aras 8, Menara Dato’ Onn, Putra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
| Newspaper |
|
| Student wing | Barisan Nasional Student Movement |
| Youth wing | Barisan Nasional Youth Movement |
| Women's wing | Barisan Nasional Women Movement |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Centre-right to right-wing |
| National affiliation | Perikatan Nasional (2020-2022)[nb 1] National Unity Government (since 2022) |
| Regional affiliation | Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (since 2020) |
| Colours | Royal blue and sky white |
| Slogan | Rakyat Didahulukan (People's First, Nation First) Hidup Rakyat (Long Live the People!) Bersama Barisan Nasional (With the National Front) Hidup Negaraku (Long Live the Nation!) Kestabilan dan Kemakmuran (Stability and Prosperity) |
| Anthem | Barisan Nasional[6] |
| Dewan Negara | 22 / 70
|
| Dewan Rakyat | 30 / 222
|
| State Legislative Assemblies | 119 / 606
|
| Chief minister of states | 4 / 13
|
| Election symbol | |
| |
| Website | |
| www | |
| This article is part of a series on the |
| Politics of Malaysia |
|---|
 |
The National Front (Malay: Barisan Nasional; abbrev: BN) is a political coalition of Malaysia that was founded in 1973 as a coalition of centre-right and right-wing political parties to succeed the Alliance Party. It is the third largest political coalition with 30 seats in the Dewan Rakyat after Pakatan Harapan (PH) with 82 seats and Perikatan Nasional (PN) with 74 seats.
The Barisan Nasional coalition employs the same inter-communal governing model of its predecessor the Alliance Party but on a wider scale, with up to 14 communal political parties involved in the coalition at one point.[1] It dominated Malaysian politics for over thirty years after it was founded, but since 2008 has faced stronger challenges from opposition parties, notably the Pakatan Rakyat and later the Pakatan Harapan (PH) alliances. Taken together with its predecessor Alliance, it had a combined period of rule of almost 61 years from 1957 to 2018, and was considered the longest ruling coalition party in the democratic world.[7]
The Barisan Nasional coalition lost its hold of the parliament to PH for the first time in Malaysian history after the 2018 general election. It was also the first time Barisan Nasional became the opposition coalition, with former prime minister and Barisan Nasional chairman Mahathir Mohamad becoming PH's leader. As a result, the Sabah and Sarawak BN component parties left the coalition and formed their own coalitions in 2018 and 2022. In the aftermath of the 2020 Malaysian political crisis, together with four other parties, the Barisan Nasional coalition returned to power under a Perikatan Nasional-led government. However, it suffered its worst result in the 2022 election, falling to third behind Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional, but it stayed in government by supporting Pakatan Harapan.
History
Formation
Barisan Nasional is the direct successor to the three-party Alliance coalition formed by United Malays National Organisation, Malaysian Chinese Association, and Malaysian Indian Congress. It was founded in the aftermath of the 1969 general election and the 13 May riots. The Alliance Party lost ground in the 1969 election to the opposition parties, in particular the two newly formed parties, Democratic Action Party and Gerakan, as well as Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party. Although the Alliance won a majority of seats, it gained less than half the popular vote, and the resulting tension between different communities led to the May 13 riots and the declaration of a state of emergency.[8] After the Malaysian Parliament reconvened in 1971, negotiations to form a new alliance began with parties such as Gerakan and People's Progressive Party, both of which joined the Alliance in 1972, quickly followed by Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS).
In 1973, the Alliance Party was replaced by Barisan Nasional.[1][9] The Barisan Nasional, which included regional parties from Sabah and Sarawak (Sabah Alliance Party, Sarawak United Peoples' Party, Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu), registered in June 1974 as a coalition of nine parties.[9] It contested the 1974 general election as a grand coalition under the leadership of the prime minister Tun Abdul Razak, which it won with considerable success.[10]
1977–2007
In 1977, PAS was expelled from Barisan Nasional following a revolt by PAS within the Kelantan state legislature against the chief minister appointed by the federal government.[1] Barisan Nasional nevertheless won the 1978 general election convincingly, and it continued to dominate Malaysian politics in the 1980s and 1990s despite some losses in state elections, such as the loss of Kelantan to PAS, and Sabah to United Sabah Party which later joined Barisan Nasional.
By 2003, Barisan Nasional had grown to a coalition formed of more than a dozen communal parties. It performed particularly well in the 2004 general election, winning 198 out of 219 seats.
Although Barisan Nasional never achieved more than 67% of the popular vote in elections from 1974 to 2008, it maintained the consecutive two-thirds majority of seats in this period in the Dewan Rakyat until the 2008 election, benefitting from Malaysia's first-past-the-post voting system.[11]
2008–2018
In the 2008 general election, Barisan Nasional lost more than one-third of the parliamentary seats to Pakatan Rakyat, a loose alliance of opposition parties. This marked Barisan's first failure to secure a two-thirds supermajority in Parliament since 1969. Five state governments, namely Selangor, Kelantan, Penang, Perak and Kedah fell to Pakatan Rakyat. Perak however was later returned via a court ruling following a constitutional crisis. Since 2008, the coalition has seen its non-Malay component parties greatly diminished in the peninsula.[12]
The losses continued in the 2013 general election, and it recorded its worst election result at the time. BN regained Kedah but lost several more seats in Parliament along with the popular vote to Pakatan. Despite winning only 47% of the popular vote, it managed to gain 60% of the 222 parliamentary seats, thereby retaining control of the parliament.[13]
And finally, during the 2018 general election, Barisan Nasional lost control of the parliament to Pakatan Harapan, winning a total of only 79 parliamentary seats. The crushing defeat ended their 61-year rule of the country, taken together with its predecessor (Alliance), and this paved the way for the first change of government in Malaysian history. The coalition won only 34% of the popular vote amid vote split of Islamic Party. In addition to their failure in regaining the Penang, Selangor and Kelantan state governments, six state governments, namely Johor, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Perak, Kedah and Sabah fell to Pakatan Harapan and WARISAN (Sabah). The Terengganu state government also fell but to the Gagasan Sejahtera. Barisan Nasional was only in power in three states; namely Perlis, Pahang and Sarawak.
Many of BN's component parties left the coalition following its humiliating defeat at the 2018 general election, reducing its number to 4 compared to 13 before the election.[14] These parties either aligned themselves with the new Pakatan Harapan federal government, formed a new state-based pact or remained independent. They include three Sabah-based parties (UPKO, PBS and LDP),[15][16] four Sarawak-based parties (PBB, SUPP, PRS and PDP, which formed a new state-based pact GPS),[17][18] myPPP (under Kayveas faction)[19] and Gerakan.[20] myPPP experienced a leadership dispute, with Maglin announcing that the party remained within the coalition and Kayveas announcing that the party had left the coalition, resulting in the dissolution of the party on 14 January 2019.
Among the remaining four component parties in Barisan National, UMNO's parliamentary seats have reduced from 54 to 38 since 16 members of parliament left the party,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] while MCA's parliamentary seat maintains one. MIC's parliamentary seats have reduced from two to one after the Election Court nullified the results of the election for the Cameron Highlands federal constituency due to bribery,[29] but BN regained its seat from a direct member under the 2019 by-election.[30]
As a result of these developments, BN's parliamentary seats have reduced to 41, compared with 79 seats that BN won in the general election.
MCA and MIC made a statement in March 2019 that they want to "move on" and find a new alliance following disputes with the secretary-general, Nazri Abdul Aziz. Mohamad Hasan, the acting BN chairman, chaired a Supreme Council meeting in which all parties showed no consensus on dissolving the coalition.
2019–present
In January 2019, all Sabah UMNO branches including Sabah BN branches were dissolved and officially closed, leaving only one BN branch open. This brings the total BN seats in Sabah to only 2 seats.
Since 2019, Barisan Nasional recovered some ground and won a number of by-elections, such as the 2019 Cameron Highlands by-election,[31] 2019 Semenyih by-election,[32] 2019 Rantau by-election,[33] and 2019 Tanjung Piai by-election,[34] defeating Pakatan Harapan.
In September 2019, UMNO decided to form a pact with the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) called Muafakat Nasional. Its main purpose is to unite the Malay Muslim communities for electoral purposes.[35] There was however no formal agreement with the other parties of Barisan Nasional, although there were calls for Barisan Nasional to migrate to Muafakat Nasional.[36][37] Barisan Nasional continued to function as a coalition of four parties comprising UMNO, MCA, MIC and PBRS but aligned themselves with Perikatan Nasional to form a new government in March 2020 after the collapse of the Pakatan Harapan government.[38] Barisan Nasional form a new government on 15 August 2021 with Perikatan Nasional after the collapse of the Perikatan Nasional government.
Barisan Nasional also recovered control of the Johor,[39] Malacca[40] and Perak[41] state governments.
On 20 November 2021, Barisan Nasional won a two-thirds majority of 21 out of 28 seats in the Malacca State Legislative Assembly.[42]
On 12 March 2022, Barisan gained a landslide victory in the 2022 Johor state election, allowing it to form the much more stable Johor state government with a two-thirds majority in the Johor State Legislative Assembly, which is 40 out of 56 seats while defeating Pakatan Harapan with 12 seats, Perikatan Nasional with 3 seats and Malaysian United Democratic Alliance with 1 seat.
2022 election
In the 2022 election, BN faced the worst result in its history, winning 30 out of 222 seats, compared to 82 and 74 seats for Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional respectively.[43] Several key figures including Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah, Mahdzir Khalid, Azeez Rahim, Tengku Zafrul Aziz, and Khairy Jamaluddin, lost to either PN or PH candidates.[43][44][45][46] BN also lost several state elections held in Pahang and Perak and won no seats in Perlis.[47] Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, the party president, was re-elected with a slim majority.[48] The election produced a hung parliament, but BN was elected to support the biggest coalition Pakatan Harapan and was rewarded with cabinet posts in the government.[49][50]
Organisation
.jpg.webp)
In 2013, the vast majority of Barisan Nasional's seats were held by its two largest Bumiputera-based political parties—the United Malays National Organisation, and Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu. For most of its history, both the Malaysian Chinese Association and Malaysian Indian Congress have played major roles in Barisan Nasional, but their representation in Parliament and state legislatures has become much more diminished. Nevertheless, each component party purports to represent – and limit membership – to a certain race: UMNO for the Malays, MCA for the Chinese and so on. In the view of some scholars:
Since its inception the Alliance remained a coalition of communal parties. Each of the component parties operated to all intents and purposes, save that of elections, as a separate party. Their membership was communal, except perhaps Gerakan, and their success was measured in terms of their ability to achieve the essentially parochial demands of their constituents.[51]
Although both the Alliance and BN registered themselves as political parties, membership is mostly indirect through one of the constituent parties while direct membership is allowed.[52] The BN defines itself as a "confederation of political parties which subscribe to the objects of the Barisan Nasional". Although in elections, all candidates stand under the BN symbol, and there is a BN manifesto, each individual constituent party also issues its own manifesto, and there is intra-coalition competition for seats prior to nomination day.[53]
Member parties and allied parties
| Logo | Name | Ideology | Position | Leader(s) | Seats contested |
2022 result | Current seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes (%) | Seats | Composition | ||||||||
| Member parties | ||||||||||
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} |
UMNO | United Malays National Organisation Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu |
Ketuanan Melayu | Centre-right | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi | 119 | 16.43% | 26 / 222 |
26 / 30 | |
 |
MCA | Malaysian Chinese Association Persatuan Cina Malaysia |
Chinese interests | Wee Ka Siong | 44 | 4.29% | 2 / 222 |
2 / 30 | ||
 |
MIC | Malaysian Indian Congress Kongres India Malaysia |
Dravidian movement | Vigneswaran Sanasee | 10 | 1.11% | 1 / 222 |
1 / 30 | ||
.jpg.webp) |
PBRS | United Sabah People's Party Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah |
Sabah nationalism | Right-wing | Arthur Joseph Kurup | 2 | 0.15% | 1 / 222 |
1 / 30 | |
| Allied Parties of BN | ||||||||||
| PCM | Love Malaysia Party Parti Cinta Malaysia |
National conservatism | Right-wing | Huan Cheng Guan | 1 | 0.03% | 0 / 222 |
0 / 30 | ||
| AMIPF | All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front Barisan Progresif India Se-Malaysia |
Dravidian movement | Centre-right | Loganathan Thoraisamy | 1 | 0.05% | 0 / 222 |
0 / 30 | ||
 |
KIMMA | Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress Kongres India Muslim Malaysia |
Islamism Indo-Malaysian Muslim interests |
Right-wing | Syed Ibrahim Kader | 1 | 0.14% | 0 / 222 |
0 / 30 | |
| MIUP | Malaysian Indian United Party Parti Bersatu India Malaysia |
Dravidian movement | Nallakaruppan Solaimalai | N/A | N/A | 0 / 222 |
0 / 30 | |||
| MMSP | Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party Parti Makkal Sakti Malaysia |
R.S. Thanenthiran | 1 | 0.07% | 0 / 222 |
0 / 30 | ||||
 |
MAP | Malaysian Advancement Party Parti Kemajuan Malaysia |
Waytha Moorthy Ponnusamy | N/A | N/A | 0 / 222 |
0 / 30 | |||
| PPM | Punjabi Party of Malaysia Parti Punjabi Malaysia |
Sikhism | Gurjeet Singh Rhande | N/A | N/A | 0 / 222 |
0 / 30 | |||
| IKATAN | Malaysia National Alliance Party Parti Ikatan Bangsa Malaysia |
Social democracy | Centre-left | Abdul Kadir Sheikh Fadzir | N/A | N/A | 0 / 222 |
0 / 30 | ||
| Other allied parties | ||||||||||
| MIRA | Minority Rights Action Party Parti Tindakan Hak Minoriti |
Liberal democracy | N/A | S. Gobi Krishnan | N/A | N/A | 0 / 222 |
0 / 30 | ||
Former member parties
*denotes defunct parties
- Malaysian People's Movement Party (GERAKAN) (1973-2018)
- Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) (1973-1978)
- People's Progressive Party (PPP or myPPP) (1973-2018)*
- Sabah Alliance Party (ALLIANCE) (1973-1975)*
- United Sabah National Organisation (USNO) (1973-1975 under Sabah Alliance, 1976-1984, 1986-1993)*
- Sabah Chinese Association (SCA) (1973-1975 under Sabah Alliance)*
- United Bumiputera Heritage Party (PBB) (1973-2018)
- Sarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP) (1973-2018)
- Sarawak National Party (SNAP) (1976-2004)*
- Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA) (1976-1986)*
- Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA) (1978-1983)
- Muslim People's Party of Malaysia (HAMIM) (1983-1989)*
- Sarawak Native People's Party (PBDS) (1983-2004)*
- United Sabah Party (PBS) (1986-1990, 2002-2018)
- Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) (1991-2018)
- People's Justice Front (AKAR) (1991-2001)*
- Sabah Progressive Party (SAPP) (1994-2008)
- Sabah Democratic Party (PDS) (1995-1999)*
- United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation (UPKO) (1999-2018)
- Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP/PDP) (2002-2018)
- Sarawak Peoples' Party (PRS) (2004-2018)
List of party chairmen
| No. | Name (Birth–Death) |
Portrait | Term of office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Abdul Razak Hussein (1922–1976) |
.jpg.webp) |
1 January 1973 | 14 January 1976 |
| 2 | Hussein Onn (1922–1990) |
.jpg.webp) |
15 January 1976 | 28 June 1981 |
| 3 | Mahathir Mohamad (b. 1925) |
 |
28 June 1981 | 4 February 1988 |
| – | Ling Liong Sik (Acting) (b. 1943) |
4 February 1988 | 16 February 1988 | |
| (3) | Mahathir Mohamad (b. 1925) |
 |
16 February 1988 | 30 October 2003 |
| 4 | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (b. 1939) |
.jpg.webp) |
31 October 2003 | 26 March 2009 |
| 5 | Mohd Najib Abdul Razak (b. 1953) |
_(cropped).jpg.webp) |
26 March 2009 | 12 May 2018 |
| 6 | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi (b. 1953) |
 |
30 June 2018 | 18 December 2018 |
| – | Mohamad Hasan (Acting) (b. 1956) |
18 December 2018 | 30 June 2019 | |
| (6) | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi (b. 1953) |
|
30 June 2019 | Incumbent |
Leadership structure
Barisan Nasional Supreme Council:[54]
_(cropped).jpg.webp)
- Chairman of Advisor Council:
- Mohd Najib Abdul Razak (UMNO)
- Chairman:
- Ahmad Zahid Hamidi (UMNO)
- Deputy Chairman:
- Mohamad Hasan (UMNO)
- Vice-Chairman:
- Wee Ka Siong (MCA)
- Vigneswaran Sanasee (MIC)
- Arthur Joseph Kurup (PBRS)
- Secretary-General:
- Zambry Abdul Kadir (UMNO)
- Treasurer-General:
- Johari Abdul Ghani (UMNO)
- Women Leader:
- Noraini Ahmad (UMNO)
- Youth Leader:
- Muhamad Akmal Saleh (UMNO)
- Women Youth Leader:
- Nurul Amal Mohd Fauzi (UMNO)
- Executive Secretary:
- Ahmad Masrizal Muhammad (UMNO)
- Supreme Council Members:
- Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail (UMNO)
- Mohamed Khaled Nordin (UMNO)
- Mah Hang Soon (MCA)
- Ti Lian Ker (MCA)
- Lim Ban Hong (MCA)
- Yew Teong Look (MCA)
- Saravanan Murugan (MIC)
- Sivarraajh Chandran (MIC)
- Thinalan T. Rajagopalu (MIC)
- P. Kamalanathan (MIC)
- Richard Mosinal Kastum (PBRS)
- Zainon Hj. Kayum (PBRS)
- Edwin Laimin (PBRS)
- Freddy Sua (PBRS)
- State Chairman:
- Johor: Mohamed Khaled Nordin (UMNO)
- Kedah: Mahdzir Khalid (UMNO)
- Kelantan: Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub (UMNO)
- Malacca: Ab Rauf Yusoh (UMNO)
- Negeri Sembilan: Jalaluddin Alias (UMNO)
- Pahang: Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail (UMNO)
- Perak: Saarani Mohammad (UMNO)
- Penang: Musa Sheikh Fadzir (UMNO)
- Perlis: Rozabil Abdul Rahman (UMNO)
- Sabah: Bung Moktar Radin (UMNO)
- Selangor: Megat Zulkarnain Omardin (UMNO)
- Terengganu: Ahmad Said (UMNO)
- Federal Territories: Johari Abdul Ghani (UMNO)
Elected representatives
Dewan Negara (Senate)
Senators
- His Majesty's appointee:
- Mohd Hisamudin Yahaya (UMNO)
- Ti Lian Ker (MCA)
- Arman Azha Abu Hanifah (UMNO)
- Azhar Ahmad (UMNO)
- Vell Pari Samy Vellu (MIC)
- Zurainah Musa (UMNO)
- Nelson Renganathan (MIC)
- Ros Suyati Alang (UMNO)
- Mohamed Haniffa Abdullah (MIC)
- Zambry Abdul Kadir (UMNO)
- Tengku Zafrul Aziz (UMNO)
- Nur Jazlan Mohamed (UMNO)
- Malacca State Legislative Assembly:
- Mustafa Musa (UMNO)
- Johor State Legislative Assembly:
- Lim Pay Hen (MCA)
- Abdul Halim Suleiman (UMNO)
- Pahang State Legislative Assembly:
- Junahis Abdul Aziz (UMNO)
- Ajiz Sitin (UMNO)
- Perlis State Legislative Assembly:
- Aziz Ariffin (UMNO)
- Seruandi Saad (UMNO)
- Perak State Legislative Assembly:
- Shamsuddin Abdul Ghafar (UMNO)
- Sabah State Legislative Assembly:
- Noraini Idris (UMNO)
Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)
Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament
Barisan Nasional has 30 MPs in the House of Representatives, with 26 MPs (or 92.5%) of them from UMNO.
Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)
Malaysian State Assembly Representatives
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Barisan Nasional state governments
| State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Johor | Menteri Besar | Onn Hafiz Ghazi | UMNO | Machap | |
 Malacca | Chief Minister | Ab Rauf Yusoh | UMNO | Tanjung Bidara | |
 Pahang | Menteri Besar | Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail | UMNO | Jelai | |
 Perak | Menteri Besar | Saarani Mohammad | UMNO | Kota Tampan | |
| State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malacca | Senior EXCO | Rais Yasin | UMNO | Paya Rumput | |
 Negeri Sembilan | Senior EXCO | Jalaluddin Alias | UMNO | Pertang | |
 Sabah | Deputy Chief Minister III | Shahelmey Yahya | UMNO | Tanjung Keramat | |
Barisan Nasional also forms the state governments of Negeri Sembilan, Penang and Selangor in coalition with Pakatan Harapan, following the formation of the federal unity government (Kerajaan Perpaduan) in the aftermath of the 15th general election of November 2022.
| State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Johor | Speaker | Mohd Puad Zarkashi | UMNO | Rengit | |
| Johor | Deputy Speaker | Samsolbari Jamali | UMNO | Semarang | |
| Malacca | Speaker | Ibrahim Durum | UMNO | Non-MLA | |
| Pahang | Speaker | Mohd Sharkar Shamsudin | UMNO | Non-MLA | |
| Perak | Speaker | Mohamad Zahir Abdul Khalid | UMNO | Non-MLA | |
| Sabah | Speaker | Kadzim M Yahya | UMNO | Non-MLA | |
Ministerial posts
| Portfolio | Office Bearer | Party | Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deputy Prime Minister | Dato' Seri Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi MP | BN (UMNO) | Bagan Datuk | |
| Minister of Rural and Regional Development | Dato' Seri Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi MP | BN (UMNO) | Bagan Datuk | |
| Minister of Plantation and Commodities | Datuk Seri Haji Johari Abdul Ghani MP | BN (UMNO) | Titiwangsa | |
| Minister of Defence | Dato' Seri Mohamed Khaled Nordin MP | BN (UMNO) | Kota Tinggi | |
| Minister of Investment, Trade and Industry | Senator Datuk Seri Utama Tengku Zafrul Tengku Abdul Aziz | BN (UMNO) | Senator | |
| Minister of Higher Education | Senator Dato' Seri Diraja Dr. Zambry Abdul Kadir | BN (UMNO) | Senator | |
| Minister in the Prime Minister's Department (Law and Institutional Reform) |
Dato' Sri Azalina Othman Said MP | BN (UMNO) | Pengerang | |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Dato' Seri Utama Mohamad Hasan MP | BN (UMNO) | Rembau | |
| Minister Responsible for National Disaster Management Agency | Dato' Seri Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi MP | BN (UMNO) | Bagan Datuk | |
| Portfolio | Office Bearer | Party | Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Food Security | Datuk Arthur Joseph Kurup MP | BN (PBRS) | Pensiangan | |
| Deputy Minister of Works | Datuk Seri Ahmad Maslan MP | BN (UMNO) | Pontian | |
| Deputy Minister of Home Affairs | Datuk Seri Dr. Shamsul Anuar Nasarah MP | BN (UMNO) | Lenggong | |
| Deputy Minister of Women, Family and Community Development | Datuk Seri Dr. Noraini Ahmad MP | BN (UMNO) | Parit Sulong | |
| Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs | Datuk Mohamad Alamin MP | BN (UMNO) | Kimanis | |
| Deputy Minister of Human Resources | Dato' Sri Abdul Rahman Mohamad MP | BN (UMNO) | Lipis | |
General election results
| Election | Total seats won | Seats contested | Share of seats | Total votes | Share of votes | Outcome of election | Election leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1974 | 135 / 154 |
154 | 87.7% | 1,287,400 | 60.8% |  135 seats; Governing coalition |
Abdul Razak Hussein |
| 1978 | 131 / 154 |
154 | 85.1% | 1,987,907 | 57.2% |  4 seats; Governing coalition |
Hussein Onn |
| 1982 | 132 / 154 |
154 | 85.7% | 2,522,079 | 60.5% | 1 seats; Governing coalition |
Mahathir Mohamad |
| 1986 | 148 / 177 |
177 | 83.6% | 2,649,263 | 57.3% | 16 seats; Governing coalition |
Mahathir Mohamad |
| 1990 | 127 / 180 |
180 | 70.6% | 2,985,392 | 53.4% | 21 seats; Governing coalition |
Mahathir Mohamad |
| 1995 | 162 / 192 |
192 | 84.4% | 3,881,214 | 65.2% | 35 seats; Governing coalition |
Mahathir Mohamad |
| 1999 | 148 / 193 |
193 | 76.2% | 3,748,511 | 56.53% | 15 seats; Governing coalition |
Mahathir Mohamad |
| 2004 | 198 / 219 |
219 | 90.4% | 4,420,452 | 63.9% | 51 seats; Governing coalition |
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi |
| 2008 | 140 / 222 |
222 | 63.1% | 4,082,411 | 50.27% | 58 seats; Governing coalition |
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi |
| 2013 | 133 / 222 |
221 | 59.9% | 5,237,555 | 47.38% | 7 seats;[55] Governing coalition |
Najib Razak |
| 2018 | 79 / 222 |
222 | 35.59% | 3,794,827 | 33.96% | 54 seats; Opposition coalition (2018-2020) Governing coalition with Perikatan Nasional (2020-2022) |
Najib Razak |
| 2022 | 30 / 222 |
178 | 13.51% | 3,462,231 | 22.36% | 49 seats; Governing coalition with Pakatan Harapan, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, Gabungan Rakyat Sabah and Parti Warisan |
Ahmad Zahid Hamidi |
State election results
| State election | State Legislative Assembly | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perlis | Kedah | Kelantan | Terengganu | Penang | Perak | Pahang | Selangor | Negeri Sembilan | Malacca | Johor | Sabah | Sarawak | Total won / Total contested | |
| 2/3 majority | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | |
| 1974 | 12 / 12 | 24 / 26 | 36 / 36 | 27 / 28 | 23 / 27 | 31 / 42 | 32 / 32 | 30 / 33 | 21 / 24 | 16 / 20 | 31 / 32 | 30 / 48 | ||
| 1976 | ||||||||||||||
| 1978 | 12 / 12 | 19 / 26 | 23 / 36 | 28 / 28 | 20 / 27 | 32 / 42 | 32 / 32 | 29 / 33 | 21 / 24 | 16 / 20 | 31 / 32 | 239 / 257 | ||
| 1979 | ||||||||||||||
| 1981 | ||||||||||||||
| 1982 | 11 / 12 | 24 / 26 | 26 / 36 | 23 / 28 | 25 / 27 | 38 / 42 | 31 / 32 | 31 / 33 | 22 / 24 | 18 / 20 | 32 / 32 | |||
| 1983 | 30 / 48 | 30 / 32 | ||||||||||||
| 1985 | 6 / 48 | 6 / 48 | ||||||||||||
| 1986 | 14 / 14 | 25 / 28 | 29 / 39 | 30 / 32 | 23 / 33 | 33 / 46 | 32 / 33 | 37 / 42 | 24 / 28 | 17 / 20 | 35 / 36 | 1 / 48 | 300 / 351 | |
| 1987 | 28 / 48 | 28 / 48 | ||||||||||||
| 1990 | 14 / 14 | 26 / 28 | 0 / 39 | 22 / 32 | 19 / 33 | 33 / 46 | 31 / 33 | 35 / 42 | 24 / 28 | 17 / 20 | 32 / 36 | 0 / 48 | 253 / 351 | |
| 1991 | 49 / 56 | 49 / 56 | ||||||||||||
| 1994 | 23 / 48 | 23 / 48 | ||||||||||||
| 1995 | 15 / 15 | 34 / 36 | 7 / 43 | 25 / 32 | 32 / 33 | 51 / 52 | 37 / 38 | 45 / 48 | 30 / 32 | 22 / 25 | 40 / 40 | 338 / 394 | ||
| 1996 | 57 / 62 | 57 / 64 | ||||||||||||
| 1999 | 12 / 15 | 24 / 36 | 2 / 43 | 4 / 32 | 30 / 33 | 44 / 52 | 30 / 38 | 42 / 48 | 32 / 32 | 21 / 25 | 40 / 40 | 31 / 48 | 312 / 329 | |
| 2001 | 60 / 62 | 60 / 62 | ||||||||||||
| 2004 | 14 / 15 | 31 / 36 | 21 / 45 | 28 / 32 | 38 / 40 | 52 / 59 | 41 / 42 | 54 / 56 | 34 / 36 | 26 / 28 | 55 / 56 | 59 / 60 | 452 / 504 | |
| 2006 | 62 / 71 | 62 / 71 | ||||||||||||
| 2008 | 14 / 15 | 14 / 36 | 6 / 45 | 24 / 32 | 11 / 40 | 28 / 59 | 37 / 42 | 20 / 56 | 21 / 36 | 23 / 28 | 50 / 56 | 59 / 60 | 307 / 504 | |
| 2011 | 55 / 71 | 55 / 71 | ||||||||||||
| 2013 | 13 / 15 | 21 / 36 | 12 / 45 | 17 / 32 | 10 / 40 | 31 / 59 | 30 / 42 | 12 / 56 | 22 / 36 | 21 / 28 | 38 / 56 | 48 / 60 | 275 / 505 | |
| 2016 | 77 / 82 | 77 / 82 | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 10 / 15 | 3 / 36 | 8 / 45 | 10 / 32 | 2 / 40 | 24 / 59 | 25 / 42 | 4 / 56 | 16 / 36 | 13 / 28 | 16 / 56 | 29 / 60 | 160 / 505 | |
| 2020 | 14 / 73 | 14 / 41 | ||||||||||||
| 2021 | 21 / 28 | 21 / 28 | ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 40 / 56 |
40 / 56 | ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 0 / 15 |
9 / 59 |
17 / 42 |
25 / 116 | ||||||||||
| 2023 | 0 / 36 |
1 / 45 |
0 / 32 |
2 / 40 |
2 / 56 |
14 / 36 |
19 / 108 | |||||||
Notes
- ↑ From March 2020 to July 2021 as a junior partner in a coalition government, senior partner from August 2021 to October 2022
References
- 1 2 3 4 Joseph Liow; Michael Leifer (20 November 2014). Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia. Routledge. pp. 102–. ISBN 978-1-317-62233-8.
- ↑ "Hajiji says BN not part of newly-registered Gabungan Rakyat Sabah". Malay Mail. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- ↑ Timothy J. Lomperis, September 1996, 'From People's War to People's Rule: Insurgency, Intervention, and the Lessons of Vietnam', page 212, ISBN 0807822736
- ↑ Helen Ting. "The Politics of National Identity in West Malaysia: Continued Mutation or Critical Transition? [The Politics of Ambiguity]" (PDF). Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University. J-Stage. p. 3/21 [33] and 5/21 [35].
UMNO came into being in 1946 under the impetus of the Anti-Malayan Union Movement based on this ideological understanding of ketuanan Melayu. Its founding president, Dato' Onn Jaafar, once said that the UMNO movement did not adhere to any ideology other than Melayuisme, defined by scholar Ariffin Omar as "the belief that the interests of the bangsa Melayu must be upheld over all else". Malay political dominance is a fundamental reality of Malaysian politics, notwithstanding the fact that the governing coalition since independence, the Alliance [subsequently expanded to form the Barisan Nasional or literally, the "National Front"], is multiethnic in its composition.
- ↑ Jinna Tay; Graeme Turner (24 July 2015). Television Histories in Asia: Issues and Contexts. Routledge. pp. 127–. ISBN 978-1-135-00807-9.
- ↑ Lagu Barisan Nasional
- ↑ Anuradha Raghu; Niluksi Koswanage (5 May 2013). "Malaysians vote to decide fate of world's longest-ruling coalition". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
- ↑ Keat Gin Ooi (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. pp. 139–. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2.
- 1 2 Cheah Boon Kheng (2002). Malaysia: The Making of a Nation. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-981-230-175-8.
- ↑ Dr Nam-Kook Kim (28 February 2014). Multicultural Challenges and Redefining Identity in East Asia. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 219–. ISBN 978-1-4724-0233-2.
- ↑ John R. Malott (8 July 2011). "Running Scared in Malaysia". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 8 July 2011. (subscription required)
- ↑ Stuart Grudgings; Al-Zaquan Amer Hamzah; Niluksi Koswanage; Raju Gopalakrishnan (5 May 2013). "Malaysia coalition extends rule despite worst electoral showing". Reuters. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
- ↑ "A dangerous result". The Economist. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ↑ "PBRS will remain with BN for now, says Kurup". Free Malaysia Today. 30 September 2018.
- ↑ Avila Geraldine; Norasikin Daineh (11 May 2018). "Warisan now has 35 seats, enough to form state government: Shafie [NSTTV]". New Straits Times. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
- ↑ "PBS keluar BN, bentuk Gabungan Bersatu" (in Malay). Berita Harian. 12 May 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
- ↑ Sharon Ling; Geryl Ogilvy (12 June 2018). "Sarawak BN parties pull out of coalition to form independent state-based pact". The Star. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
- ↑ Lee Poh Onn (15 June 2018). "Commentary: Free from the shackles of a fallen coalition, does Sarawak parties leaving spell the end of the Barisan Nasional?". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
- ↑ "MyPPP leaves BN with immediate effect". New Straits Times. 19 May 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
- ↑ "Gerakan leaves Barisan Nasional". New Straits Times. 23 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
- ↑ Ivan Loh (24 June 2018). "Bagan Serai MP quits Umno, pledges support for Pakatan Harapan". The Star. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
- ↑ "Bukit Gantang MP quits Umno". Free Malaysia Today. 27 June 2018. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
- ↑ "Former Puteri Umno chief quits party, upset with results of polls". The Star. 1 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ↑ "Mustapa quits Umno after 40 years - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
- ↑ "Anifah: I quit Umno in the interest of Sabah rights - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
- ↑ "Labuan MP quits Umno to join Warisan - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
- ↑ Vanar, Muguntan; Lee, Stephanie; Joibi, Natasha. "Sabah Umno exodus sees nine of 10 Aduns, five of six MPs leave - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ↑ "Six Umno MPs leave the party - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ↑ Hamdan, Nurbaiti. "Court nullifies BN's GE14 victory for Cameron Highlands seat (Updated) - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ↑ "BN retains Cameron Highlands parliamentary seat". www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
- ↑ https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/politik/2019/01/524419/prk-cameron-highlands-ramli-cipta-sejarah
- ↑ https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/politik/2019/03/536745/bn-tawan-semula-dun-semenyih
- ↑ https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/politik/2019/04/552669/bn-kekal-kuasai-dun-rantau
- ↑ https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2019/11/629147/bn-tawan-semula-tanjung-piai
- ↑ "What's next for Piagam Muafakat Nasional?". The Malaysian Reserve. 18 September 2019.
- ↑ "MCA's future in Muafakat Nasional remains unclear". New Straits Times. 30 November 2019.
- ↑ Reme Ahmad (5 December 2019). "Calls in Umno for Barisan Nasional to 'migrate' to Muafakat Nasional". The Straits Times.
- ↑ Adib Povera (4 March 202). "Perikatan Nasional coalition to set up joint secretariat". New Straits Times.
- ↑ "Hasni Mohammad angkat sumpah MB Johor" [Hasni Mohammad take the oath as Johor's MB]. Astro Awani (in Malay). 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ↑ "Sulaiman Md Ali angkat sumpah Ketua Menteri Melaka ke-12" [Sulaiman Md Ali take the oath as the 12th Chief Minister of Malacca]. Astro Awani (in Malay). 9 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ↑ "From an educationist, to a Menteri Besar | Astro Awani". Archived from the original on 21 January 2021.
- ↑ "RASMI: Sah! BN tawan semula Melaka | Astro Awani". Archived from the original on 20 November 2021.
- 1 2 "'End of an era' for Malaysia's Barisan Nasional, after corruption issues hurt candidates at GE15: Analysts". 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
- ↑ "PRU15: Nama besar antara yang tewas". 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
- ↑ "PRU15: BN kecundang di Tanjong Karang". 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
- ↑ "[Rasmi] Azeez Rahim kalah kepada calon PN di Baling". 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
- ↑ "PN brings BN to its knees in Perlis". 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
- ↑ "GE15: Zahid retains Bagan Datuk with slim majority". 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
- ↑ "Barisan Nasional to support the Dec 19 vote of confidence for Malaysia PM Anwar". Channel News Asia. 27 November 2022.
- ↑ "Cabinet posts for Barisan Nasional a trust, not the spoils of war, says Malaysian DPM Zahid". The Straits Times. 3 December 2022.
- ↑ Rachagan, S. Sothi (1993). Law and the Electoral Process in Malaysia, p. 12. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press. ISBN 967-9940-45-4.
- ↑ Ahmad, Zuhrin Azam. "Barisan amends constitution to allow direct membership - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
- ↑ Rachagan, p. 21.
- ↑ "Organisasi – Barisan Nasional". www.barisannasional.org.my. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ↑ Arno Maierbrugger (16 August 2013). "Malaysia gov't bashed for $155m election ad spending". Investvine. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
Literature
- Chok, Suat Ling (4 October 2005). "MPs in the dock". New Straits Times, p. 1, 6.
- Chin, James. 2002. Malaysia: The Barisan National Supremacy. In David Newman & John Fuh-sheng Hsieh (eds), How Asia Votes, pp. 210–233. New York: Chatham House, Seven Bridges Press. ISBN 1-889119-41-5.
- Pillai, M.G.G. (3 November 2005). "National Front parties were not formed to fight for Malaysian independence". Malaysia Not Today
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