1990 Malaysian general election
20–21 October 1990
All 180 seats in the Dewan Rakyat
91 seats needed for a majority
Registered7,958,641
 
Leader Mahathir Mohamad Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah (S46)
Fadzil Noor (PAS)		 Lim Kit Siang (DAP)
Joseph Pairin Kitingan (USP)
Alliance BN APU GR
Last election 57.28%, 148 seats 15.50, 1 seat[lower-alpha 1] 22.69%, 34 seats
Seats won 127 15 34
Seat change Decrease 21 Increase 14 Decrease 4
Popular vote 2,985,392 1,218,211 1,113,488
Percentage 53.38% 21.78% 19.91%
Swing Decrease3.90pp Increase6.28pp Decrease2.78pp
Prime Minister before election

Mahathir Mohamad
BN

 Prime Minister-designate

Mahathir Mohamad
BN

General elections were held in Malaysia on 20 and 21 October 1990. Voting took place in all 180 parliamentary constituencies of Malaysia, each electing one Member of Parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, the dominant house of Parliament.[1] State elections also took place in 351 state constituencies in 11 (out of 13, except Sabah and Sarawak) states of Malaysia on the same day.

The result was a victory for the Barisan Nasional (BN) at the federal level and state except state of Kelantan with opposition alliance Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU) winning all 39 state assembly seats with 24 seats going to PAS and 15 for Semangat 46.[2]

Background

The elections marked the first after United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) party split and the subsequent constitutional crisis in 1988. The reconstituted UMNO Baru (New UMNO), led by incumbent Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, and the newly formed Semangat 46 (S46), led by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah, contested for the first time in the elections.

It also marked the first time in country general election history when a credible, multi-ethnic coalition have been formed the challenge the dominance of Barisan Nasional. This also lead the country political scene from a dominant party system into two party system.[3] The Muslim opposition parties, Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Semangat 46, Barisan Jemaah Islamiah Se-Malaysia (BERJASA) and Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia (HAMIM) teamed up to form the Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU). On the other hand, Semangat 46, Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS), which withdrew from the Barisan Nasional (BN) at the eleventh hour of the general election, teamed up as Gagasan Rakyat. However, these two opposition alliances cooperated in the election but not openly due to the sensitivity of the secular DAP and the Islamic PAS working together.

Results

At the federal level, the BN coalition under the leadership of incumbent Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad won 127 of the 180 parliament seats to form the federal government.

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan NasionalUnited Malays National Organisation2,985,39253.3871–12
Malaysian Chinese Association18+1
Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu10+2
Malaysian Indian Congress60
United Sabah National Organisation6+1
Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia50
Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak4–1
Sarawak United Peoples' Party40
Sarawak National Party3–1
People's Progressive Party00
Total127–21
Angkatan
Perpaduan Ummah		Semangat 46842,34215.068New
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party375,8696.727+6
Total1,218,21121.7815+14
Gagasan RakyatDemocratic Action Party985,22817.6120–4
United Sabah Party128,2602.2914+4
Total1,113,48819.91340
Parti Rakyat Malaysia56,4621.0100
Sarawak Malaysian People's Association35,3100.630New
People's Justice Front12,6550.230New
Sarawak United Labour Party1620.0000
Independents171,5473.0740
Total5,593,227100.00180+3
Valid votes5,593,22797.24
Invalid/blank votes158,4982.76
Total votes5,751,725100.00
Registered voters/turnout7,958,64172.27
Source: Nohlen et al., CLEA, IPU

By state

Johor

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan NasionalUnited Malays National Organisation426,85461.49120
Malaysian Chinese Association50
Malaysian Indian Congress10
Total180
Semangat 46142,22720.490New
Democratic Action Party104,84015.1000
Parti Rakyat Malaysia17,5832.5300
Independents2,7070.3900
Total694,211100.00180
Valid votes694,21196.30
Invalid/blank votes26,6703.70
Total votes720,881100.00
Registered voters/turnout972,17174.15

Kedah

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan NasionalUnited Malays National Organisation258,83453.64120
Malaysian Chinese Association41,8718.6820
Total300,70562.32140
Semangat 4699,00720.520New
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party76,93615.9400
Democratic Action Party5,3601.1100
Independents5370.1100
Total482,545100.00140
Valid votes482,54597.02
Invalid/blank votes14,8382.98
Total votes497,383100.00
Registered voters/turnout657,32275.67

Kelantan

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Semangat 46140,28134.197New
Barisan NasionalUnited Malays National Organisation134,27932.730-12
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party133,25132.486+5
Independents2,4650.6000
Total410,276100.00130
Valid votes410,27697.58
Invalid/blank votes10,1732.42
Total votes420,449100.00
Registered voters/turnout536,02078.44

Kuala Lumpur

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan NasionalUnited Malays National Organisation153,72343.1130
Democratic Action Party141,72439.7540
Semangat 4633,4179.370New
Parti Rakyat Malaysia25,2597.0800
Independents2,4320.6800
Total356,555100.0070
Valid votes356,55598.83
Invalid/blank votes4,2151.17
Total votes360,770100.00
Registered voters/turnout527,83468.35

Labuan

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan NasionalUnited Malays National Organisation7,13059.691+1
Independents4,81640.310–1
Total11,946100.0010
Valid votes11,94698.64
Invalid/blank votes1651.36
Total votes12,111100.00
Registered voters/turnout16,38873.90

Malacca

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan NasionalUnited Malays National Organisation120,23360.5530
Malaysian Chinese Association10
Total40
Semangat 4640,32620.310New
Democratic Action Party33,99317.1210
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party4,0192.0200
Total198,571100.0050
Valid votes198,57196.93
Invalid/blank votes6,2843.07
Total votes204,855100.00
Registered voters/turnout265,05977.29

Negeri Sembilan

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan NasionalUnited Malays National Organisation152,11860.2540
Malaysian Chinese Association2+2
Malaysian Indian Congress10
Total7+2
Democratic Action Party58,52123.180-2
Semangat 4641,85716.580New
Total252,496100.0070
Valid votes252,49696.95
Invalid/blank votes7,9353.05
Total votes260,431100.00
Registered voters/turnout345,46875.38

Pahang

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan NasionalUnited Malays National Organisation203,50463.0470
Malaysian Chinese Association30
Total100
Semangat 4666,33720.5500
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party29,9609.2800
Democratic Action Party23,0307.1300
Total322,831100.00100
Valid votes322,83196.52
Invalid/blank votes11,6273.48
Total votes334,458100.00
Registered voters/turnout452,99773.83

Penang

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan NasionalUnited Malays National Organisation85,31520.3840
Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia64,48515.4010
Malaysian Chinese Association63,73215.2200
Total213,53251.0050
Democratic Action Party170,05340.6160
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party14,3223.4200
Parti Rakyat Malaysia13,6203.2500
Semangat 467,1741.710New
Total418,701100.00110
Valid votes418,70197.81
Invalid/blank votes9,3712.19
Total votes428,072100.00
Registered voters/turnout559,22376.55

Perak

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan NasionalUnited Malays National Organisation391,62856.17110
Malaysian Chinese Association30
Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia30
Malaysian Indian Congress20
Total190
Democratic Action Party186,14726.7040
Semangat 4682,97111.9000
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party33,9554.8700
Independents2,5160.3600
Total697,217100.00230
Valid votes697,21796.87
Invalid/blank votes22,5143.13
Total votes719,731100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,031,38169.78

Perlis

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan NasionalUnited Malays National Organisation47,76765.4520
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party13,15418.0200
Semangat 4612,05616.520New
Total72,977100.0020
Valid votes72,97796.63
Invalid/blank votes2,5443.37
Total votes75,521100.00
Registered voters/turnout99,09776.21

Sabah

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
United Sabah Party128,26141.0414+7
Barisan NasionalUnited Sabah National Organisation57,36518.366-2
Democratic Action Party28,5479.130–4
People's Justice Front12,6554.050New
Independents85,68827.420–1
Total312,516100.00200

Sarawak

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan NasionalSarawak United Peoples' Party262,09257.0740
Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu10+2
Sarawak National Party3-1
Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak4-1
Total210
Democratic Action Party87,01718.952+1
Sarawak Malaysian People's Association35,3107.6900
Sarawak United Labour Party1620.0400
Independents74,63516.254+2
Total459,216100.0027+3
Valid votes459,21698.38
Invalid/blank votes7,5711.62
Total votes466,787100.00
Registered voters/turnout688,21667.83

Selangor

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan NasionalUnited Malays National Organisation380,02158.1970
Malaysian Chinese Association2-1
Malaysian Indian Congress20
Total11-1
Democratic Action Party145,99622.363+1
Semangat 46114,68317.560New
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party12,3581.8900
Total653,058100.00140
Valid votes653,05896.88
Invalid/blank votes21,0013.12
Total votes674,059100.00
Registered voters/turnout922,61573.06

Terengganu

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan NasionalUnited Malays National Organisation141,56154.116-2
Semangat 4662,00623.701New
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party57,48821.971+1
Independents5650.2200
Total261,620100.0080
Valid votes261,62097.37
Invalid/blank votes7,0632.63
Total votes268,683100.00
Registered voters/turnout326,39382.32

See also

Notes

References

  1. ↑ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II, p152 ISBN 0-19-924959-8
  2. ↑ Francis Kok-Wah Loh; Francis Loh Kok Wah; Boo Teik Khoo; Khoo Boo Teik (2002). Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and Practices. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 0-7007-1161-9.
  3. ↑ Khong, (1991) Malaysia's General Election 1990: Continuity, Change, and Ethnic Politics, p1 ISBN 981-3035-77-3
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