endurecer

Galician

Pronunciation
 
  • IPA(key): (standard) /enduɾeˈθeɾ/ [en̪.d̪u.ɾeˈθeɾ]
  • IPA(key): (seseo) /enduɾeˈseɾ/ [en̪.d̪u.ɾeˈseɾ]

  • Rhymes: -eɾ
  • Hyphenation: en‧du‧re‧cer

Verb

endurecer (first-person singular present endurezo, first-person singular preterite endurecín, past participle endurecido)
endurecer (first-person singular present endureço, first-person singular preterite endurecim or endureci, past participle endurecido, reintegrationist norm)

  1. to harden

Conjugation
    Conjugation of endurecer (c-z alternation)
Singular Plural
First-person
(eu)		 Second-person
(ti)		 Third-person
(el / ela / Vde.)		 First-person
(nós)		 Second-person
(vós)		 Third-person
(eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal endurecer
Personal endurecer endureceres endurecer endurecermos endurecerdes endureceren
Gerund
endurecendo
Past participle
Masculine endurecido endurecidos
Feminine endurecida endurecidas
Indicative
Present endurezo endureces endurece endurecemos endurecedes endurecen
Imperfect endurecía endurecías endurecía endureciamos endureciades endurecían
Preterite endurecín endureciches endureceu endurecemos endurecestes endureceron
Pluperfect endurecera endureceras endurecera endureceramos endurecerades endureceran
Future endurecerei endurecerás endurecerá endureceremos endureceredes endurecerán
Conditional endurecería endurecerías endurecería endureceriamos endureceriades endurecerían
Subjunctive
Present endureza endurezas endureza endurezamos endurezades endurezan
Imperfect endurecese endureceses endurecese endurecésemos endurecésedes endurecesen
Future endurecer endureceres endurecer endurecermos endurecerdes endureceren
Imperative
Affirmative endurece endureza endurezamos endurecede endurezan
Negative (non) non endurezas non endureza non endurezamos non endurezades non endurezan
    Reintegrated conjugation of endurecer (c-ç alternation) (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)
Singular Plural
First-person
(eu)		 Second-person
(ti / tu)		 Third-person
(ele / ela / você)		 First-person
(nós)		 Second-person
(vós)		 Third-person
(eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal endurecer
Personal endurecer endureceres endurecer endurecermos endurecerdes endurecerem
Gerund
endurecendo
Past participle
Masculine endurecido endurecidos
Feminine endurecida endurecidas
Indicative
Present endureço endureces endurece endurecemos endurecedes, endureceis endurecem
Imperfect endurecia endurecias endurecia endurecíamos endurecíades, endurecíeis, endurecíais1 endureciam
Preterite endurecim, endureci endureceste, endureceche1 endureceu endurecemos endurecestes endurecêrom, endureceram
Pluperfect endurecera endureceras endurecera endurecêramos endurecêrades, endurecêreis, endurecêrais1 endureceram
Future endurecerei endurecerás endurecerá endureceremos endureceredes, endurecereis endurecerám, endurecerão
Conditional endureceria endurecerias endureceria endureceríamos endureceríades, endureceríeis, endureceríais1 endureceriam
Subjunctive
Present endureça endureças endureça endureçamos endureçades, endureçais endureçam
Imperfect endurecesse endurecesses endurecesse endurecêssemos endurecêssedes, endurecêsseis endurecessem
Future endurecer endureceres endurecer endurecermos endurecerdes endurecerem
Imperative
Affirmative endurece endureça endureçamos endurecede, endurecei endureçam
Negative (nom) nom endureças nom endureça nom endureçamos nom endureçades, nom endureçais nom endureçam

1Less recommended.

Derived terms
  • endurecemento

Further reading

Portuguese

Etymology

From Latin indūrēscere, from indūrō. By surface analysis, en- +‎ duro (“hard”) +‎ -ecer. Compare Spanish endurecer.

Pronunciation
 
  • (Brazil) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(h)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(h)]
    • (São Paulo) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(ɾ)/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(ɾ)/
    • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(χ)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(χ)]
    • (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(ɻ)/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(ɻ)/
 
  • (Portugal) IPA(key): /ẽ.du.ɾɨˈseɾ/
    • (Southern Portugal) IPA(key): /ẽ.du.ɾɨˈse.ɾi/

  • Hyphenation: en‧du‧re‧cer

Verb

endurecer (first-person singular present endureço, first-person singular preterite endureci, past participle endurecido)

  1. to harden
  2. to strengthen

Conjugation
    Conjugation of endurecer (c-ç alternation) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)
Singular Plural
First-person
(eu)		 Second-person
(tu)		 Third-person
(ele / ela / você)		 First-person
(nós)		 Second-person
(vós)		 Third-person
(eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal endurecer
Personal endurecer endureceres endurecer endurecermos endurecerdes endurecerem
Gerund
endurecendo
Past participle
Masculine endurecido endurecidos
Feminine endurecida endurecidas
Indicative
Present endureço endureces endurece endurecemos endureceis endurecem
Imperfect endurecia endurecias endurecia endurecíamos endurecíeis endureciam
Preterite endureci endureceste endureceu endurecemos endurecestes endureceram
Pluperfect endurecera endureceras endurecera endurecêramos endurecêreis endureceram
Future endurecerei endurecerás endurecerá endureceremos endurecereis endurecerão
Conditional endureceria endurecerias endureceria endureceríamos endureceríeis endureceriam
Subjunctive
Present endureça endureças endureça endureçamos endureçais endureçam
Imperfect endurecesse endurecesses endurecesse endurecêssemos endurecêsseis endurecessem
Future endurecer endureceres endurecer endurecermos endurecerdes endurecerem
Imperative
Affirmative endurece endureça endureçamos endurecei endureçam
Negative (não) não endureças não endureça não endureçamos não endureçais não endureçam

Derived terms

Further reading
  • “endurecer” in Dicionário Aberto based on Novo Diccionário da Língua Portuguesa de Cândido de Figueiredo, 1913

Spanish

Etymology

From Latin indūrēscere, present active infinitive of indūrēscō, from indūrō. By surface analysis, en- +‎ duro +‎ -ecer.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): (Spain) /enduɾeˈθeɾ/ [ẽn̪.d̪u.ɾeˈθeɾ]
  • IPA(key): (Latin America) /enduɾeˈseɾ/ [ẽn̪.d̪u.ɾeˈseɾ]
  • Audio (Venezuela):(file)
  • Rhymes: -eɾ
  • Syllabification: en‧du‧re‧cer

Verb

endurecer (first-person singular present endurezco, first-person singular preterite endurecí, past participle endurecido)

  1. (transitive, reflexive) to harden, to toughen, make hard

Conjugation
    Conjugation of endurecer (c-zc alternation) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)
infinitive endurecer
gerund endureciendo
past participle masculine feminine
singular endurecido endurecida
plural endurecidos endurecidas
singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
indicative yo tú
vos		 él/ella/ello
usted		 nosotros
nosotras		 vosotros
vosotras		 ellos/ellas
ustedes
present endurezco endurecestú
endurecésvos		 endurece endurecemos endurecéis endurecen
imperfect endurecía endurecías endurecía endurecíamos endurecíais endurecían
preterite endurecí endureciste endureció endurecimos endurecisteis endurecieron
future endureceré endurecerás endurecerá endureceremos endureceréis endurecerán
conditional endurecería endurecerías endurecería endureceríamos endureceríais endurecerían
subjunctive yo tú
vos		 él/ella/ello
usted		 nosotros
nosotras		 vosotros
vosotras		 ellos/ellas
ustedes
present endurezca endurezcastú
endurezcásvos2		 endurezca endurezcamos endurezcáis endurezcan
imperfect
(ra)		 endureciera endurecieras endureciera endureciéramos endurecierais endurecieran
imperfect
(se)		 endureciese endurecieses endureciese endureciésemos endurecieseis endureciesen
future1 endureciere endurecieres endureciere endureciéremos endureciereis endurecieren
imperative — tú
vos		 usted nosotros
nosotras		 vosotros
vosotras		 ustedes
affirmative endurecetú
endurecévos		 endurezca endurezcamos endureced endurezcan
negative no endurezcas no endurezca no endurezcamos no endurezcáis no endurezcan

1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
2Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of endurecer (c-zc alternation)

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
with infinitive endurecer
dative endurecerme endurecerte endurecerle, endurecerse endurecernos endureceros endurecerles, endurecerse
accusative endurecerme endurecerte endurecerlo, endurecerla, endurecerse endurecernos endureceros endurecerlos, endurecerlas, endurecerse
with gerund endureciendo
dative endureciéndome endureciéndote endureciéndole, endureciéndose endureciéndonos endureciéndoos endureciéndoles, endureciéndose
accusative endureciéndome endureciéndote endureciéndolo, endureciéndola, endureciéndose endureciéndonos endureciéndoos endureciéndolos, endureciéndolas, endureciéndose
with informal second-person singular tú imperative endurece
dative enduréceme endurécete endurécele endurécenos not used enduréceles
accusative enduréceme endurécete endurécelo, endurécela endurécenos not used endurécelos, endurécelas
with informal second-person singular vos imperative endurecé
dative endureceme endurecete endurecele endurecenos not used endureceles
accusative endureceme endurecete endurecelo, endurecela endurecenos not used endurecelos, endurecelas
with formal second-person singular imperative endurezca
dative endurézcame not used endurézcale, endurézcase endurézcanos not used endurézcales
accusative endurézcame not used endurézcalo, endurézcala, endurézcase endurézcanos not used endurézcalos, endurézcalas
with first-person plural imperative endurezcamos
dative not used endurezcámoste endurezcámosle endurezcámonos endurezcámoos endurezcámosles
accusative not used endurezcámoste endurezcámoslo, endurezcámosla endurezcámonos endurezcámoos endurezcámoslos, endurezcámoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative endureced
dative endurecedme not used endurecedle endurecednos endureceos endurecedles
accusative endurecedme not used endurecedlo, endurecedla endurecednos endureceos endurecedlos, endurecedlas
with formal second-person plural imperative endurezcan
dative endurézcanme not used endurézcanle endurézcannos not used endurézcanles, endurézcanse
accusative endurézcanme not used endurézcanlo, endurézcanla endurézcannos not used endurézcanlos, endurézcanlas, endurézcanse

Derived terms

Further reading
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