barr

See also: Barr, barr-, bàrr, bárr, and Bärr

English

Etymology 1

From French barrir (“to trumpet; to make the sound of an elephant”), from Old French barrire, from Late Latin barriō, from Latin barrus (“elephant”).

Verb

barr (third-person singular simple present barrs, present participle barring, simple past and past participle barred)

  1. (obsolete) To make the sound of an elephant.
    • 1737, François Rabelais, translated by Thomas Urquhart, The Complete Works of Doctor François Rabelais:
      He gave us also the example of the Philosopher, who, when he thought most seriously to have withdrawn himself unto a solitary Privacy, far from the rufling Clutterments of the tumultuous and confused World, the better to improve his Theory, to contrive, comment, and ratiocinate, was, notwithstanding his uttermost Endeavours to free himself from all untowards Noises, surrounded and environ'd about so with the barking of Curs, howling of Wolves, neighing of Horses, bleating of Sheep, barring of Elephants, hissing of Serpents, braying of Asses, chirping of Grasshoppers, cooing of Turtles […]

Etymology 2

See bar.

Noun

barr (countable and uncountable, plural barrs)

  1. Obsolete spelling of bar

Verb

barr (third-person singular simple present barrs, present participle barring, simple past and past participle barred)

  1. Obsolete spelling of bar

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse barr, from Proto-Germanic *baraz.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /parː/
  • Rhymes: -arː

Noun

barr n (genitive singular barrs, no plural)

  1. pine needles

Declension
declension of barr
n-s singular
indefinite definite
nominative barr barrið
accusative barr barrið
dative barri barrinu
genitive barrs barrsins

Derived terms

Irish

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Old Irish barr (“top”),[3] from Proto-Celtic *barros (compare Middle Welsh barr), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers-.

Noun

barr m (genitive singular bairr or barr, nominative plural barra)

  1. tip, head, point
  2. top; summit
  3. surface
  4. (agriculture) crop, yield
  5. crest (of wavelength)
Declension
Declension of barr

First declension

Bare forms:

Case Singular Plural
Nominative barr barra
Vocative a bhairr a bharra
Genitive bairr barr
Dative barr barra

Forms with the definite article:

Case Singular Plural
Nominative an barr na barra
Genitive an bhairr na mbarr
Dative leis an mbarr

don bharr

 leis na barra
Alternative declension
Declension of barr

Fourth declension

Bare forms

Case Singular Plural
Nominative barr barra
Vocative a bharr a bharra
Genitive barr barra
Dative barr barra

Forms with the definite article

Case Singular Plural
Nominative an barr na barra
Genitive an bharr na mbarra
Dative leis an mbarr

don bharr

 leis na barra
Derived terms
  • ar barr do ghoib (“on the tip of one’s tongue”)
  • ar barr do theanga
  • ar bharr (“on top of; completely”)
  • bain barr de (“vie with”)
  • barr ar (“in excess of”)
  • barr bua (“supremacy, victory”)
  • barr cátha (“oat-husk tea”)
  • barr láin
  • barr margaidh (“cash crop”)
  • barr taoide (“high tide”)
  • barr- (“topped”)
  • barraicín- (“tiptoe”)
  • beir barr (“surpass, overcome”)
  • bun agus barr (“the whole essence”)
  • bun barr (“completely”)
  • cé dhá bharr (“why?”)
  • dá bharr (“gained”)
  • dá bharr sin (“consequently”)
  • de bharr (“because of”)
  • de bharr ar (“in addition to; in preference to”)
  • de bharr go (“because”)
  • dul i mbarr (“deprive”)
  • i mbarr d'anama (“with all one’s strength”)
  • i mbarr do chéille (“out of one’s senses”)
  • ó bhun go barr (“completely, from top to bottom”)
  • príomhbharr (“main crop”)
  • tabhair ar barr (“bring up, mention”)
  • tabhair barr (“surpass, excel”)
  • thar barr (“excellent, exceedingly”)
  • thar barr amach (“outright, completely”)
  • uchtbharr (“parapet”)
  • cafarr (“helmet, headpiece; kerchief”)

Verb

barr (present analytic barrann, future analytic barrfaidh, verbal noun barradh, past participle barrtha)

  1. (transitive) top
Conjugation
conjugation of barr (first conjugation – A)
singular plural relative autonomous
first second third first second third
indicative present barraim barrann tú;
barrair†		 barrann sé, sí barraimid barrann sibh barrann siad;
barraid†		 a bharrann; a bharras /
a mbarrann*; a mbarras*		 barrtar
past bharr mé; bharras bharr tú; bharrais bharr sé, sí bharramar; bharr muid bharr sibh; bharrabhair bharr siad; bharradar a bharr /
ar bharr*		 barradh
past habitual bharrainn / mbarrainn‡‡ bharrtá / mbarrtᇇ bharradh sé, sí / mbarradh sé, s퇇 bharraimis; bharradh muid / mbarraimis‡‡; mbarradh muid‡‡ bharradh sibh / mbarradh sibh‡‡ bharraidís; bharradh siad / mbarraidís‡‡; mbarradh siad‡‡ a bharradh /
a mbarradh*		 bharrtaí / mbarrta퇇
future barrfaidh mé;
barrfad		 barrfaidh tú;
barrfair†		 barrfaidh sé, sí barrfaimid;
barrfaidh muid		 barrfaidh sibh barrfaidh siad;
barrfaid†		 a bharrfaidh; a bharrfas /
a mbarrfaidh*; a mbarrfas*		 barrfar
conditional bharrfainn / mbarrfainn‡‡ bharrfá / mbarrfᇇ bharrfadh sé, sí / mbarrfadh sé, s퇇 bharrfaimis; bharrfadh muid / mbarrfaimis‡‡; mbarrfadh muid‡‡ bharrfadh sibh / mbarrfadh sibh‡‡ bharrfaidís; bharrfadh siad / mbarrfaidís‡‡; mbarrfadh siad‡‡ a bharrfadh /
a mbarrfadh*		 bharrfaí / mbarrfa퇇
subjunctive present go mbarra mé;
go mbarrad†		 go mbarra tú;
go mbarrair†		 go mbarra sé, sí go mbarraimid;
go mbarra muid		 go mbarra sibh go mbarra siad;
go mbarraid†		 — go mbarrtar
past dá mbarrainn dá mbarrtá dá mbarradh sé, sí dá mbarraimis;
dá mbarradh muid		 dá mbarradh sibh dá mbarraidís;
dá mbarradh siad		 — dá mbarrtaí
imperative barraim barr barradh sé, sí barraimis barraigí;
barraidh†		 barraidís — barrtar
verbal noun barradh
past participle barrtha

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Etymology 2

From Old French barre, barrer. Compare English bar.

Noun

barr m (genitive singular bairr)

  1. bar, hindrance
Declension
Declension of barr

First declension

Bare forms (no plural of this noun)

Case Singular
Nominative barr
Vocative a bhairr
Genitive bairr
Dative barr

Forms with the definite article:

Case Singular
Nominative an barr
Genitive an bhairr
Dative leis an mbarr

don bharr

Verb

barr (present analytic barrann, future analytic barrfaidh, verbal noun barradh, past participle barrtha)

  1. (transitive) bar, hinder
Conjugation
conjugation of barr (first conjugation – A)
singular plural relative autonomous
first second third first second third
indicative present barraim barrann tú;
barrair†		 barrann sé, sí barraimid barrann sibh barrann siad;
barraid†		 a bharrann; a bharras /
a mbarrann*; a mbarras*		 barrtar
past bharr mé; bharras bharr tú; bharrais bharr sé, sí bharramar; bharr muid bharr sibh; bharrabhair bharr siad; bharradar a bharr /
ar bharr*		 barradh
past habitual bharrainn / mbarrainn‡‡ bharrtá / mbarrtᇇ bharradh sé, sí / mbarradh sé, s퇇 bharraimis; bharradh muid / mbarraimis‡‡; mbarradh muid‡‡ bharradh sibh / mbarradh sibh‡‡ bharraidís; bharradh siad / mbarraidís‡‡; mbarradh siad‡‡ a bharradh /
a mbarradh*		 bharrtaí / mbarrta퇇
future barrfaidh mé;
barrfad		 barrfaidh tú;
barrfair†		 barrfaidh sé, sí barrfaimid;
barrfaidh muid		 barrfaidh sibh barrfaidh siad;
barrfaid†		 a bharrfaidh; a bharrfas /
a mbarrfaidh*; a mbarrfas*		 barrfar
conditional bharrfainn / mbarrfainn‡‡ bharrfá / mbarrfᇇ bharrfadh sé, sí / mbarrfadh sé, s퇇 bharrfaimis; bharrfadh muid / mbarrfaimis‡‡; mbarrfadh muid‡‡ bharrfadh sibh / mbarrfadh sibh‡‡ bharrfaidís; bharrfadh siad / mbarrfaidís‡‡; mbarrfadh siad‡‡ a bharrfadh /
a mbarrfadh*		 bharrfaí / mbarrfa퇇
subjunctive present go mbarra mé;
go mbarrad†		 go mbarra tú;
go mbarrair†		 go mbarra sé, sí go mbarraimid;
go mbarra muid		 go mbarra sibh go mbarra siad;
go mbarraid†		 — go mbarrtar
past dá mbarrainn dá mbarrtá dá mbarradh sé, sí dá mbarraimis;
dá mbarradh muid		 dá mbarradh sibh dá mbarraidís;
dá mbarradh siad		 — dá mbarrtaí
imperative barraim barr barradh sé, sí barraimis barraigí;
barraidh†		 barraidís — barrtar
verbal noun barradh
past participle barrtha

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation
Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Eclipsis
barr bharr mbarr
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References
  1. Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 101, page 56
  2. Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 267, page 95
  3. G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “1 barr”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Further reading
  • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “barr”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
  • Entries containing “barr” in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm, 1959, by Tomás de Bhaldraithe.
  • Entries containing “barr” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.

Maltese
Root
b-r-r
3 terms

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /barr/

Etymology 1

From Arabic بَرّ (barr).

Noun

barr m

  1. wilderness

Etymology 2

Onomatopoeic.

Verb

barr (imperfect jborr)

  1. to coo (make a coo sound)
Conjugation
    Conjugation of barr
singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
perfect m barrejt barrejt barr barrejna barrejtu barrew
f barret
imperfect m nborr tborr jborr nborru tborru jborru
f tborr
imperative borr borru

Middle Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *barros (compare Irish barr), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers-.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /bar/

Noun

barr m (plural barriau)

  1. top
  2. summit, crest

Descendants
  • Welsh: bar

Mutation
Middle Welsh mutation
RadicalSoftNasalAspirate
barruarr / varrmarrunchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every
possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *baraz.

Noun

barr n

  1. acicular leaves, needles (of the fir or pine)
  2. barley

Derived terms
  • barraxlaðr (“high-shouldered, with sharp, prominent shoulderbones”)
  • barrviðr (“pine-forrest; the wood of the fir”)

Descendants

References
  • “barr”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • Entry "barr" on page 43 in: Geir T. Zoëga "A Concise Dictionary of Old Islandic", Oxford at the Claredon Press (1910).

Romani

Alternative forms

Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit *वर्त (varta, “round stone”).[1][2]

Noun

barr m (nominative plural barra)

  1. (International Standard) stone,[2][3] rock[3]

Derived terms
  • barrorro
  • barrutno

References
  1. Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “*varta3”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 661
  2. Boretzky, Norbert, Igla, Birgit (1994) “bař”, in Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten [Romani-German-English dictionary for the Southern European region] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 22b
  3. Marcel Courthiade (2009) “o barr, -es- m. -a, -en-”, in Melinda Rézműves, editor, Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik = Első rromani nyelvű európai szótáram : cigány, magyar, angol, francia, spanyol, német, ukrán, román, horvát, szlovák, görög [My First European-Romani Dictionary: Romani, Hungarian, English, French, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Romanian, Croatian, Slovak, Greek] (overall work in Hungarian and English), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, →ISBN, page 75ab

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse barr.

Noun

barr n

  1. needle; leaf of a coniferous tree
  2. (dated, slang, uncountable) hair

Declension
Declension of barr 
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative barr barret barr barren
Genitive barrs barrets barrs barrens

See also

Noun

barr c

  1. (gymnastics) parallel bars

Declension
Declension of barr 
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative barr barren barrar barrarna
Genitive barrs barrens barrars barrarnas

Further reading
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