< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kosa

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kaˀsā́ˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to comb, scratch”). Cognate with Lithuanian kasa (“braid”) and akin to Old Prussian kexti (“braided hair”).

Noun

*kosà f[1][2]

  1. hair
  2. braided hair
Declension
Declension of *kosà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm c)
singular dual plural
nominative *kosà *kȍsě *kȍsy
genitive *kosý *kosù *kòsъ
dative *kosě̀ *kosàma *kosàmъ
accusative *kȍsǫ *kȍsě *kȍsy
instrumental *kosojǫ́ *kosàma *kosàmi
locative *kȍsě *kosù *kosàsъ, *kosàxъ*
vocative *koso *kȍsě *kȍsy
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
  • *česati (“to scratch (one's hair), to comb”)
    • *česadlo (“comb, scratcher”)
    • *česalъka (“tool for scratching”)
    • *česanъ (“combed”)
  • *kosmъ (“lock of hair”)
  • *kozina (“fur”)
  • *kosъ (“haired”) (as part of compound adjectives)
    • *rusokosъ (“blond-haired”)
    • *tьmьnokosъ (“dark-haired”)
    • *bělokosъ (“white-haired, grizzled”)
    • *čęstokosъ (“with thick hair”)
    • *kosovatъ (“with bulky hair”)
Derived terms
  • *kosopadъ (“hair loss”)
  • *kosopasъ (“disease/infection affecting the scalp, favus”)
  • *kosapъ (“knob, lump on one's scalp (result of infection or deformation)”)
  • *kosatъ (“hairy, shaggy”)
  • *kosakъ (“strand, tuft”)
  • *kosorь
Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: коса (kosa)
  • South Slavic:
  • West Slavic:
    • Old Czech: kosa
    • Old Polish: kosa
      • Polish: kosa (dialectal)
    • Sorbian:
      • Lower Sorbian: kósy pl
      • Upper Sorbian: kosa
Further reading
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “коса”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1984), “*kosa I”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 11 (*konьcь – *kotьna(ja)), Moscow: Nauka, page 131
  • Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “коса¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 653

References
  1. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*kosà I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 238: “f. ā (c) ‘hair, braided hair’”
  2. Olander, Thomas (2001) “kosa kosy”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c braid; combed hair (NA 88, 141; SA 24; PR 138)”

Etymology 2

Either etymologically identical with *kosa (“hair”) or from Proto-Indo-European *ḱos-, o-grade of *ḱes- (“to cut”), via depalatalization *ḱ → *k. Possibly related to Latin cassus (“hollow, lacking”), Latin castrō (“to castrate”), Sanskrit शस्त्र (śastra, “sword, dagger”).

Noun

*kosà f[1][2][3]

  1. scythe
Declension
Declension of *kosà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)
singular dual plural
nominative *kosà *kòsě *kosỳ
genitive *kosỳ *kosù *kòsъ
dative *kosě̀ *kosàma *kosàmъ
accusative *kosǫ̀ *kòsě *kosỳ
instrumental *kosòjǫ, *kòsǫ** *kosàma *kosàmī
locative *kosě̀ *kosù *kosàsъ, *kosàxъ*
vocative *koso *kòsě *kosỳ
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
  • *xudъ (“weak, meager”)
  • *sъkosenъ (“cut off, shortened, amputated”)
  • *kosъ (“skew, slanted”)
Derived terms
  • *kositi (“to mow”)
    • *kositьba (“mowing”)
    • *kosařь (“mower”)
    • *kosьcь (“mower”)
  • *kosica (“scalpel”) (diminutive)
Descendants
  • Non-Slavic:
    • → Proto-Finnic: *kassa
    • → Hungarian: kasza
Further reading
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “коса”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1984), “*kosa II”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 11 (*konьcь – *kotьna(ja)), Moscow: Nauka, page 131
  • Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “коса²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 655

References
  1. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*kosà II”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 238: “f. ā (b) ‘scythe’”
  2. Olander, Thomas (2001) “kosa kosy”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b (NA 90, 141; SA 20, 156); c (PR 138) scythe, curved blade”
  3. Snoj, Marko (2016) “kósa”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “*kosa̋”
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