< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/meh₂d-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

Root

*meh₂d-[4][5]

  1. to be wet, to become wet
Reconstruction notes

Pokorny, Fortson, and LIV reconstruct this root as an example of an *a-ablauting stem (*m̥d- ~ *mad- ~ *mād-). On the other hand, the regular outcome of *#R̥HC- in the descendants can account for many of the reflexes.

A lot is uncertain about this root. The Germanic, Indo-Iranian terms and Latin madeō “be drunk” could also be from med- (“to be full”),[6] as well as probably the Armenian and Albanian terms.

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *meh₂d- (wet)‎ (11 c, 0 e)
  • (perhaps) *méh₂d-e-ti (thematic present)[1][3]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mádati
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mádati
        • Sanskrit: मदति (mádati), मदते (mádate, “to be intoxicated; rejoice”)
      • Proto-Iranian: *mádati[7]
        • Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬈 (madaite, “to become intoxicated”)
  • (perhaps) *m̥h₂d-yé-ti (yé-present)[2]
    • Celtic: *madyeti (“break”) (the proposed semantic shift is be wet > burst > break)[8]
      • Proto-Brythonic: *mėðjɨd
        • Middle Breton: mezaff (“knead”)
          • Breton: mezañ
        • Middle Welsh: maeðu (“break, win”)
          • Welsh: maeddu (“break, win”)
      • Old Irish: maidid
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *matjaną[9] (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́dyati
  • (perhaps) *me-móh₂d-e ~ *me-mh₂d-ḗr (stative)[2]
    • Celtic:
      • Old Irish: ro·mmemaid
    • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mamáHda
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mamáHda
        • Sanskrit: ममाद (mamā́da)
  • *m̥h₂d-éh₁-(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)[2]
  • (perhaps) *moh₂d-éye-ti (causative)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *maHdáyati[7]
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *maHdáyati
        • Sanskrit: मादयति (mādáyati)
      • Proto-Iranian: *maHdáyati
        • Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬤𐬵𐬀 (madaiiaŋᵛha, 2sg.caus.pres.impv)
  • *m̥h₂d-tó-s
    • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *matˢtás[7] (see there for further descendants)
  • *m̥h₂d-h₂-ró-s[11]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *madarós
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *madHrás
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *madHrás
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Albanian: *mazdnja (“to fatten; feed”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Armenian:
      • (perhaps) Old Armenian: մատաղ (matał, “young, tender”)[4],[12] մաճառակ (mačaṙak, “fresh cheese”)[13]
      • (perhaps) Middle Armenian: մաճար (mačar, “must”)[14]
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *mada[15]
        • South Slavic:
          • Slovene: mada (“spot; blot”)
        • West Slavic:
          • Polish: mada (“sludge; mud; dirt”)
          • Slovincian: mada (“dirt; mud”)
    • Hellenic:

References
  1. Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell, pages 72, 183
  2. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*mad-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 421
  3. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “MAD”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 299-300
  4. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “mad-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 694-695
  5. Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*m(e)hₐd-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, pages 638-639
  6. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2 *med-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 423-25
  7. Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*mad¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 253
  8. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*mad-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 251-252
  9. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*matjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 358
  10. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “madeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 358
  11. Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*mad-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 455-457
  12. J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010) “մատաղ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 513a
  13. J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010) “մաճառակ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 504a
  14. J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010) “մաճար”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 504a
  15. Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1990), “*mada”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 17 (*lъžь – *matješьnъjь), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 118
  16. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “μαδάω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 889-890

Root

*meh₂d- (o-grade *moh₂d-)

  1. to meet, approach, encounter
Descendants
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *meh₂d- (meet)‎ (2 c, 0 e)
  • Proto-Armenian:
  • Proto-Germanic: *mōtą (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *mōtijaną (see there for further descendants)
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