< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱerh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Potentially a collective derivation in *-h₂ from *ḱer- (“to grow”),[1] of which the original root noun may be fossilized in Latin crās.[2] A possible loan relation with Proto-Semitic *ḳarn- (“horn”) has also been suggested. However, it is probably unrelated to Old Chinese 觡 (*kraːɡ, “antler”) and 觥 (*kʷraːŋ, “drinking vessel made of animal horn”) despite the phonological and semantic resemblance between the three.

Root

*ḱerh₂-

  1. head, top
  2. horn

Alternative reconstructions

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱerh₂-‎ (40 c, 0 e)
  • *ḱérh₂-s ~ *ḱr̥h₂-és (root noun)
    • >? Proto-Italic: *krās (“at the peak, at the start, early”)
      • >? Latin: crās (“tomorrow”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *ḱérh₂-os ~ *ḱérh₂-es-[5]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kéras
  • *ḱerh₂-o-now-os (literally “head nodding”)[6]
    • Proto-Italic: *keronowos
  • *ḱérh₂-s-ō ~ *ḱr̥h₂-s-né-s
  • *ḱerh₂-s-ro-m[7][8]
  • *ḱórh₂-we-h₂ (collective)[9][10]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kárˀwāˀ
      • Lithuanian: kárvė
      • Proto-Slavic: *kòrva (see there for further descendants)
  • *ḱr(h₂)-ént-
    • ⇒ *ḱrént-os ~ *ḱrn̥t-és-s[11]
  • *ḱŕ̥h₂-es-n-h₂ (collective)[12]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kárahna
      • Ancient Greek: κᾰ́ρηνον (kárēnon) (backformation from *kárahna)
        Doric: κᾰ́ρᾱνον (kárānon)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥Hšā
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śr̥Hṣā
        • Vedic Sanskrit: शीर्षा (śīrṣā)
  • *ḱr̥h₂-nó-s[13][14][15][16]
    • Proto-Celtic: *karnos
      • Proto-Brythonic: karn
      • Gaulish: *carnon (“horn”), carnuātus (“horned”)
        • → Ancient Greek: κάρνον (kárnon, “Gallic horn”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *hurną (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥Hngám
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śr̥Hngám
        • Sanskrit: शृङ्ग (śṛṅgá, “horn, tusk”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *kornū
      • >? Latin: cornū (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *ḱr̥h₂-néh₂
  • *ḱŕ̥h₂-os ~ *ḱŕ̥h₂-es-[7][17][18]
  • *ḱr̥h₂-s-ḗr ~ *ḱr̥h₂-s-n-ós (“hornet”, literally “the one with horns, i.e. antennae”)[19][20][21][22]
  • *ḱr̥h₂-wós, *ḱér-wo-s ~ *ḱr̥h₂-éw-os (“deer, stag”, literally “the horned one”)[23][24][25][26]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śirˀwas
      • Old Prussian: sirwis
      • → Proto-Finnic: *hirvas, *hirvi (see there for further descendants)
      • → Proto-Samic: *sërvēs, *sërvë (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *karwos (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kerawós
      • Ancient Greek: κερᾰός (keraós), κερᾱΐς (kerāḯs)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥Hwás (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *kerwos
      • Latin: cervus (see there for further descendants)
  • *ḱr-o-h₂-s-no-m[27]
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Anatolian:[1]
      • Hittite: [script needed] (karau̯ar), [script needed] (surna), [script needed] (harsar)
      • Luwian: [script needed] (zurni)
      • → Persian: سرنا (sornâ) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *herutaz (“deer, stag”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic:

References
  1. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “(SI)karāu̯ar / karaun”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 517-518
  2. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “crās”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 140–141
  3. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “¹k̑er-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 574
  4. Nussbaum, Alan J. (1986) Head and Horn in Indo-European‎, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
  5. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κέρας”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 676-677
  6. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cernuus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 110-111
  7. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hersan- ~ *herzan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 221–222
  8. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cerebrum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 109
  9. Derksen, Rick (2015) “karvė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 230
  10. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*kòrva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 236
  11. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hrinþiz ~ *hrunþiz”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 247–248
  12. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κάρᾱ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 641
  13. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*sьrna”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 485
  14. Derksen, Rick (2015) “stirna”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 428-429
  15. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*karno-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 190-191
  16. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hurna-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 259
  17. Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 906
  18. Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 570–571
  19. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*sьršenь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, pages 485-486
  20. Derksen, Rick (2015) “širšuo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 449-450
  21. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “crābrō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 140
  22. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hurznuta/ō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 259
  23. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κεραός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 676
  24. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κερᾱΐς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 674
  25. Čong (Cheung), Dž. (2009) T. K. Salbijeva, transl., Očerki istoričeskovo razvitija osetinskovo vokalizma [Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism] (in Russian), Vladikavkaz: Izdatelʹsko-poligrafičeskoje predprijatije im. V. Gassijeva, →ISBN, pages 22, 82, 177, 178, 320
  26. Abajev, V. I. (1979) Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, pages 179–181
  27. Stefan Schumacher & Joachim Matzinger, Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2013), 224.

Further reading
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