< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/klinganą
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology 1
From Pre-Germanic *glengʰ- (“sound”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gal-, *gelH- (“to call, sound”) (compare *golH-s- (“voice, cry”)), the root whence also *kalzōną, and/or ultimately onomatopoeic.
Inflection
Conjugation of *klinganą (strong class 3)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *klingō | *klingaų | — | *klingai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *klingizi | *klingaiz | *kling | *klingazai | *klingaizau |
| 3rd singular | *klingidi | *klingai | *klingadau | *klingadai | *klingaidau |
| 1st dual | *klingōz | *klingaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *klingadiz | *klingaidiz | *klingadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *klingamaz | *klingaim | — | *klingandai | *klingaindau |
| 2nd plural | *klingid | *klingaid | *klingid | *klingandai | *klingaindau |
| 3rd plural | *klingandi | *klingain | *klingandau | *klingandai | *klingaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *klang | *klungį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *klanht | *klungīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *klang | *klungī | |||
| 1st dual | *klungū | *klungīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *klungudiz | *klungīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *klungum | *klungīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *klungud | *klungīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *klungun | *klungīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *klingandz | *klunganaz | |||
Derived terms
- >? *klinkō
- Proto-West Germanic: *klinku (see there for further descendants)
Descendants
Etymology 2
From Proto-Indo-European *gley- (“to glue, stick together”). Originally regular verb assimilated into strong verb class 3.
Inflection
Conjugation of *klinganą (strong class 3)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *klingō | *klingaų | — | *klingai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *klingizi | *klingaiz | *kling | *klingazai | *klingaizau |
| 3rd singular | *klingidi | *klingai | *klingadau | *klingadai | *klingaidau |
| 1st dual | *klingōz | *klingaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *klingadiz | *klingaidiz | *klingadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *klingamaz | *klingaim | — | *klingandai | *klingaindau |
| 2nd plural | *klingid | *klingaid | *klingid | *klingandai | *klingaindau |
| 3rd plural | *klingandi | *klingain | *klingandau | *klingandai | *klingaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *klang | *klungį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *klanht | *klungīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *klang | *klungī | |||
| 1st dual | *klungū | *klungīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *klungudiz | *klungīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *klungum | *klungīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *klungud | *klungīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *klungun | *klungīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *klingandz | *klunganaz | |||
Related terms
- *klajjaz
- *klibāną
Derived terms
Descendants
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*klingan- ~ *klinkan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 293
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*klingan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 293
- Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*klenʒanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 216
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