< Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic
Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/viha
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This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Finnic
Etymology 1
From earlier *wiša, borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dwiša- (“hate”). Possibly already from Proto-Finno-Permic, compare Udmurt вож (vož, “hate”), Komi-Zyrian веж (vež, “envy”).
Inflection
Inflection of *viha
| Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | |||
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *viha | *vihat | |
| accusative | *vihan | *vihat | |
| genitive | *vihan | *vihadën *vihoidën | |
| partitive | *vihada | *vihoida | |
| inessive | *vihassa *vihahna |
*vihoissa *vihoihna | |
| elative | *vihasta | *vihoista | |
| illative | *vihahën | *vihoihën | |
| adessive | *vihalla | *vihoilla | |
| ablative | *vihalta | *vihoilta | |
| allative | *vihalën *vihalëk |
*vihoilën *vihoilëk | |
| essive | *vihana | *vihoina | |
| translative | *vihaksi | *vihoiksi | |
| instructive | *vihan | *vihoin | |
| comitative | *vihanëk | *vihoinëk | |
| abessive | *vihatta | *vihoitta | |
Descendants
- Estonian: viha
- Finnish: viha
- Ingrian: viha
- Karelian: viha
- Livonian: vija
- Ludian: viha
- Veps: viha
- Võro: viha
- Votic: viha
From earlier *wiša:
- → Proto-Samic: *vëšē
Etymology 2
From earlier *wiša, borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wišás (“poison, bile”), from Proto-Indo-European *wisós. Compare Sanskrit विष (viṣa). For the meaning "greenness", compare also Erzya ожо (ožo, “yellow”), Eastern Mari ужар (užar, “green”).
Descendants
References
- “viha”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
- Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The origin of Finnish words] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN
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