< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/wišás

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *wisós.

Noun

*wišás m

  1. poison, venom

Declension
masculine a-stem
singular dual plural
nominative *wišás *wišā́ *wišā́, -ā́s(as)
vocative *wiša *wišā́ *wišā́, -ā́s(as)
accusative *wišám *wišā́ *wišā́ns
instrumental *wišā́ *wišáybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām *wišā́yš
ablative *wišā́t *wišáybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām *wišáybʰyas
dative *wišā́y *wišáybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām *wišáybʰyas
genitive *wišásya *wišáyās *wišā́na(H)m
locative *wišáy *wišáyaw *wišáyšu

Descendants
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíṣas
    • Sanskrit: विष (víṣa)
      • Pali: visa
      • Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀯𑀺𑀲 (visa)
      • → Hindi: विष (viṣ) (borrowed from Sanskrit)
      • Bengali: বিষ (biś)
  • Proto-Iranian: *wíšah
    • Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬱𐬀 (viša)
      • → Persian: ویش (viš, “virus”)
    • Old Persian:
      • Middle Persian:
        • > Middle Persian: 𐭥(𐭩)𐭱 (w(y)š /⁠wiš⁠/, “poison”)
        • > Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫇𐫏𐫢 (wyš /⁠wiš⁠/, “poison”)
          • Persian: بیش (biš, “poison”), گش (goš, “bile, phlegm; poison”)
  • Proto-Nuristani: *wī́ša (< earlier *wī́sa < *wíHsas)
    • Northern Nuristani:
      • Kamkata-viri:
        Kamviri: víš
        Kativiri: víš
      • Prasuni: ǘšu
    • Southern Nuristani:
      • Ashkun: yós
      • Waigali: viš
  • → Proto-Uralic: *wiša (“poison, gall, green”)[1]
    • Western Mari: ыжар (yžar, “green”)
    • Eastern Mari: ужар (užar, “green”)
    • Proto-Mordvinic:
      • Erzya: ожо (ožo, “yellow”)
    • Proto-Permic:
    • Proto-Finnic: *viha (“poison”), *viherä (“green”) (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Joki, Aulis J. (1973) Uralier und Indogermanen [Uralians and Indo-Europeans] (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia; 151) (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, →ISBN
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