-ия

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьja. This suffix also superseded the obsolete ending Proto-Slavic *-i in archaic ī-stem nouns.

-ия • (-ija) f

1. Forms abstract or action nouns with hyperbolic meaning: -ity, -ery, -ness

   From abstract nouns:

   разбо́р (razbór, “analysis, distribution”) → неразбори́я (nerazboríja, “chaos, mess”)

   чу́до (čúdo, “wonder”) → чудеси́я (čudesíja, “miracle”)

   у́жас (úžas, “horror”) → ужаси́я (užasíja, “horridness”)

   роб (rob, “slave”) → роби́я (robíja, “slavery”) (obsolete)

   From adjectives/participles:

   ла́ком (lákom, “greedy”) → лакоми́я (lakomíja, “gluttony”)

   прокле́т (proklét, “cursed”) → проклети́я (prokletíja, “damnation”)

   From verbs:

   но́ся (nósja, “to wear”) → носи́я (nosíja, “suite, fashion trend”)

   во́зя (vózja, “to ride, convey”) → вози́я (vozíja, “ride”)

   търгу́вам (tǎrgúvam, “to trade”) → търгови́я (tǎrgovíja, “commerce”)

   разпра́вям се (razprávjam se, “to argue”) → разправи́я (razpravíja, “scandal, arguing”)

   From adverbs:

   о́коло (ókolo, “around”) → око́лия (okólija, “administrative unit”)

   From interjections:

   о́леле (ólele, “oh my god”) → олели́я (olelíja, “hullabaloo”)

• -оти́я (-otíja)
• -ори́я (-oríja)

-ия • (-ija) f or pl

1. Forms feminine counterparts to archaic substantivized adjectives:

   сват m (svat, “relative, kinsman”) → сва́тя f (svátja, “kinswoman”)

   *svy (“swinine”) → свиня́ f (svinjá, “sow”)

2. Forms plural forms of archaic ter-stem agent nouns:

   брат sg (brat, “brother”) → бра́тя pl (brátja, “brothers”)

   ма́тер sg (máter, “mother”) (archaic) → ма́тя pl (mátja, “mothers”) (obsolete, archaic)

• -я (-ja) — reduced

• -ий (-ij), -ей (-ej)
• -ие (-ie), -ье (-je)

-ия • (-ija) f or m

1. Denotes agents, from archaic ī-stem nouns of native origin:

   *sǫdi → съдия́ (sǎdijá, “judge”)

   *svęti → свети́я (svetíja, “saint”)

   *věti → вити́я (vitíja, “orator”) (obsolete)

   *badli → ба́лия (bálija, “healer”) (archaic, obsolete)

2. Denotes objects/events, from archaic ī-stem nouns of native origin:

   *mъldni → мъ́лния (mǎ́lnija, “bolt”)

   *oldi → лади́я (ladíja, “boat”)

3. Denotes agents, from i/u-stem nouns borrowed from Turkish:

   Turkish gidi (“swindler”) → гиди́я (gidíja, “crazyhead”) (dialectal)

   Turkish kadi (“judge”) → кади́я (kadíja, “qadi, Muslim judge”) (dialectal)

4. Denotes tools/objects, from i/u-stem nouns borrowed from Turkish:

   Turkish gemi (“boat”) → геми́я (gemíja, “sailboat”)

   Turkish boru (“duct”) → бури́я (buríja, “oven pipe”) (dialectal)

• -лия (-lija) (in Turkish borrowings)
• -чия (-čija)/-джия (-džija) (in Turkish borrowings)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek -ία (-ía), -εια (-eia), -εῖον (-eîon), Greek -ή (-í), -ί (-í); found in loanwords.

-ия • (-ija) f

1. -ia, -y

   Greek κουτί (koutí) → кути́я (kutíja, “box”)

   Greek πηχτή (pichtí) → пихти́я (pihtíja, “jelly”)

   Ancient Greek στοιχεῖον (stoikheîon) → стихи́я (stihíja, “natural force”)

   Ancient Greek κατηγορία (katēgoría), ἀλληγορία (allēgoría) → катего́рия (kategórija, “category”), алего́рия (alegórija, “allegory”)

   Ancient Greek ἀπάθεια (apátheia) → апа́тия (apátija, “apathy”)

   Ancient Greek πολυγαμία (polugamía) → полига́мия (poligámija, “polygamy”)

2. Forms names of sciences and doctrines:

   Ancient Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophía) → Latin philosophia → филосо́фия (filosófija, “philosophy”)

   Ancient Greek θεολογία (theología) → Latin theologia → теоло́гия (teológija, “theology”)

   Ancient Greek ἀναρχία (anarkhía) → Latin anarchia → ана́рхия (anárhija, “anarchy”)

   Ancient Greek ἱστορία (historía) → Latin historia → исто́рия (istórija, “history”)

   Latin biologia → биоло́гия (biológija, “biology”)

   Latin chēmia → хи́мия (hímija, “chemistry”)

3. Forms names of geographical locations:

   Country or state names:

   България (Bǎlgarija, “Bulgaria”)

   Калифорния (Kalifornija, “California”)

   Continent or subcontinent names:

   Азия (Azija, “Asia”)

   Индия (Indija, “India”)

   Large islands or inland areas:

   Гренладния (Grenladnija, “Greenland”)

   Месопотамия (Mesopotamija, “Mesopotamia”)

   Fictional/mythological places:

   Ария (Arija, “Arya”) (mythical place in Zoroastrian/Vedic religion)

   Мория (Morija, “Moria”) (fictional place in the "Lord of the rings" saga)

Borrowed from Latin -ia, Italian -ia; found in loanwords.

-ия • (-ija) f

1. -ia, -y

   Latin furia → фури́я (furíja, “stormwind”)

   Latin māteria → мате́рия (matérija, “matter”)

   Italian aria → а́рия (árija, “aria”)

   Italian legia → ле́гия (légija, “legion”)

• -ция (-cija) (technically from Latin -tiō)
• -о́рия (-órija) (technically from Latin -ōrium)

Ultimately from Latin -ia or Ancient Greek -ία (-ía), -εία (-eía); found only in words borrowed from other languages (compare German, French -ie).

• -ия: IPA^(key): [ʲɪjə]
• -и́я: IPA^(key): [ˈʲijə]

-ия or -и́я • (-ija or -íja) f

1. singular feminine nominative of -ий (-ij): -y, -ia (frequently found as part of foreign borrowings, where it represents the foreign suffixes -y, -ia, -ie, etc.)
2. -ion (frequently found as part of foreign borrowings, where it represents -ion, especially as part of -ция (-cija, “-tion”))
3. Suffix used to create abstract nouns from nouns denoting persons.

   ‎инжене́р (inženér, “engineer”) + ‎-ия (-ija) → ‎инжене́рия (inženérija, “engineering”)

   ‎бухга́лтер (bugálter, buhálter, “accountant”) + ‎-ия (-ija) → ‎бухгалте́рия (bugaltérija, buhaltérija, “accounting”)

   ‎карто́граф (kartógraf, “cartographer”) + ‎-ия (-ija) → ‎картогра́фия (kartográfija, “cartography”)

   ‎укро́п (ukróp, “Ukrainian (pejorative)”) + ‎-ия (-ija) → ‎Укро́пия (Ukrópija, “Ukraine (pejorative)”)

• In the unstressed variant, the stress is frequently drawn onto the preceding syllable.

• → Mongolian:

  Cyrillic script: -и (-i), -∅

• -ла́ндия (-lándija), -ля́ндия (-ljándija), -лэнд (-lɛnd), -ланд (-land), -ленд (-lend), -ста́н (-stán), -иста́н (-istán), земля́ (zemljá), страна́ (straná) (for a place's name)
• -и́йский (-íjskij) (for demonyms of places ending in -ия)