虎

See also: 虚, 虛, 虗, and 乕
虎 U+864E, 虎
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-864E
← 虍
[U+864D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 虏 →
[U+864F]
⻁ U+2EC1, ⻁
CJK RADICAL TIGER
← ⻀
[U+2EC0] 		CJK Radicals Supplement ⻂ →
[U+2EC2]

Translingual
Stroke order
8 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

虎 (Kangxi radical 141, 虍+2, 8 strokes, cangjie input 卜心竹弓 (YPHN) or 卜心竹山 (YPHU), four-corner 21217, composition ⿸虍儿(JKT) or ⿸虍几(GV))

Derived characters

References
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1073, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 32675
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1539, character 23
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2819, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+864E

Chinese

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 虎
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (虍) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
唬 *qʰraːs, *kʷraːɡ
戲 *qʰral, *qʰrals, *qʰaː
巇 *qʰra
隵 *qʰra
嚱 *qʰras
盧 *b·raː
鑪 *raː
壚 *raː
籚 *raː
蘆 *raː, *ra
顱 *b·raː
髗 *b·raː
鱸 *raː
攎 *raː
櫨 *raː
轤 *raː
黸 *raː
獹 *raː
鸕 *raː
艫 *raː
纑 *raː
瀘 *raː
瓐 *raː
爐 *raː
嚧 *raː
矑 *b·raː
罏 *raː
蠦 *raː
虜 *raːʔ
擄 *raːʔ
艣 *raːʔ
鐪 *raːʔ
虖 *qʰaː, *qʰʷa, *qʰaː, *qʰʷa
虍 *qʰaː
雐 *qʰʷlaː
虎 *qʰlaːʔ
琥 *qʰlaːʔ
萀 *qʰlaːʔ
臚 *b·ra
廬 *ra
驢 *b·ra
藘 *ra
爈 *ra, *ras
櫖 *ra, *ras
儢 *raʔ
慮 *ras
勴 *ras
鑢 *ras
濾 *ras
攄 *r̥ʰa
處 *kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas
豦 *kas, *ɡa
據 *kas
鐻 *kas, *ɡa, *ɡaʔ
澽 *kas, *ɡas
虛 *kʰa, *qʰa
墟 *kʰa
懅 *ɡa
蘧 *ɡa, *ɡʷa
籧 *ɡa
醵 *ɡa, *ɡas, *ɡaɡ
璩 *ɡa
虡 *ɡaʔ
遽 *ɡas
勮 *ɡas
噓 *qʰa, *qʰas
驉 *qʰa
歔 *qʰa
魖 *qʰa
膚 *pla
虧 *kʰʷral
噱 *ɡaɡ
臄 *ɡaɡ
劇 *ɡaɡ
諕 *qʰʷraːɡ

Pictogram (象形) . 虍 represents the tiger's head. The torso has disappeared and the legs and the tail have transformed into 人 in the small seal script and later 儿 in the clerical script.

Etymology 1
trad. 虎
simp. # 虎
alternative forms
 
乕
𢁺
𠂰
𧆞
𮓙
乕
𢁺
𠂰
𧆞
𮓙
𮓜
𠪳
𢋪
𪋕
𧇂
虝
𪊖
俿
A tiger.

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-la (“tiger”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *klaʔ (“tiger”). Cognate with 菟 (OC *daː) in 於菟 (OC *qa daː, “tiger”). Compare Vietnamese khái ("tiger"). Hill (2019) compares it to Tibetan སྟག (stag, “tiger”).

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 虎
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 曉 (32)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 呼古切
Baxter xuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /huoX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /huoX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /xoX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /hɔX/
Li
Rong		 /xoX/
Wang
Li		 /xuX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /xuoX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 hǔ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 fu2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 虎
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 hǔ
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ xuX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*qʰˁraʔ/ (W dialect: *qˁʰr- >r̥ˁ- > x-)
English tiger

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 虎
Reading # 1/1
No. 5230
Phonetic
component		 虍
Rime
group		 魚
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 虎
Old
Chinese		 /*qʰlaːʔ/

Definitions

虎

  1. tiger
    老虎  ―  lǎohǔ  ―  tiger
  2. (figurative) brave; fierce
  3. (dialectal) to show a stern or fierce look
  4. a surname
  5. (Northeastern Mandarin, derogatory) overbold; stupid
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 老虎 (“tiger”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 虎, 李父, 李耳, 於菟, 伯都
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 虎, 老虎
Taxonomic name 虎
Mandarin Beijing 老虎
Taiwan 老虎
Ulanhot 老虎, 山中王
Tongliao 老虎
Chifeng 老虎
Bayanhot 老虎
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 老虎, 山中王
Harbin 老虎, 老虎媽子
Shenyang 老虎
Yantai (Muping) 老虎
Jinan 老虎
Luoyang 老虎
Wanrong 老虎
Zhengzhou 老虎
Xi'an 老虎
Yinchuan 老虎
Lanzhou 老虎
Xining 老虎
Ürümqi 老虎
Wuhan 老虎
Huanggang 老虎
Chengdu 老虎, 大貓兒, 貓貓
Guiyang 老虎
Kunming 老虎
Guilin 老虎
Liuzhou 老虎
Xuzhou 老虎
Yangzhou 老虎
Nanjing 老虎
Hefei 老虎
Malaysia 老虎
Singapore 老虎
Cantonese Guangzhou 老虎
Hong Kong 老虎
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 老虎
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 老虎
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 老虎
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 老虎
Macau 老虎
Guangzhou (Panyu) 老虎
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 老虎
Guangzhou (Conghua) 老虎
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 老虎
Foshan 老虎
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 老虎
Foshan (Shunde) 老虎
Foshan (Sanshui) 老虎
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 老虎
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 老虎
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 老虎
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 老虎
Zhuhai (Doumen) 老虎
Jiangmen (Baisha) 老虎
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 老虎
Taishan 老虎
Kaiping (Chikan) 老虎
Enping (Niujiang) 老虎
Heshan (Yayao) 老虎
Dongguan 老虎
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 老虎
Qingyuan 老虎
Fogang 老虎
Yingde (Hanguang) 老虎
Yangshan 老虎
Lianshan (Butian) 老虎
Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui) 老虎
Shaoguan 老虎
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 老虎
Renhua 老虎
Lechang 老虎
Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) 老虎
Sihui 羅虎
Guangning 羅虎
Deqing 老虎
Huaiji 老虎
Fengkai (Nanfeng) 老虎
Yunfu 老虎
Xinxing 老虎
Luoding 老虎
Yunan (Pingtai) 老虎
Yangjiang 大蟲, 大貓, 老虎
Xinyi 老虎
Maoming (Xinpo) 大貓
Lianjiang 老虎
Wuchuan (Wuyang) 老虎
Nanning 老虎
Wuzhou 老虎, 大蟲
Yulin 老虎, 大蟲
Hepu (Lianzhou) 老虎, 大蟲
Hepu (Shatian) 老虎
Guiping 老虎
Mengshan (Xihe) 老虎
Guigang (Nanjiang) 老虎
Beiliu (Tangliao) 大蟲
Baise 老虎
Bobai 老虎
Lingshan 大蟲
Pubei 大蟲
Qinzhou 老虎
Beihai 老虎
Beihai (Nankang) 老虎
Beihai (Yingpan) 老虎
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 老虎
Ningming 老虎
Hengzhou 老虎
Hezhou (Pumen) 老虎
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 老虎
Danzhou 老虎
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 老虎
Singapore (Guangfu) 老虎
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 老虎
Móng Cái 老虎
Gan Nanchang 老虎
Lichuan 老虎
Pingxiang 老虎
Hakka Meixian 老虎
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 老虎
Dongguan (Qingxi) 老虎
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 老虎
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 老虎
Wuhua (Huacheng) 老虎
Conghua (Lütian) 老虎
Jiexi 老虎
Luhe 老虎
Yudu 老虎
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 老虎
Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian) 老虎
Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian) 老虎
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 老虎
Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) 老虎
Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) 老虎
Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) 老虎
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 老虎
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 老虎
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 老虎
Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) 老虎
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 虎, 老虎
Hong Kong 老虎
Luchuan (Daqiao) 大蟲
Senai (Huiyang) 老虎
Singkawang 老虎
Huizhou Jixi 老虎
Fuliang 老虎
Jin Taiyuan 老虎
Pingyao 老虎
Xinzhou 老虎
Taibus (Baochang) 老虎
Linhe 老虎
Jining 老虎
Hohhot 老虎
Baotou 老虎
Dongsheng 老虎
Haibowan 老虎
Northern Min Jian'ou 老虎
Eastern Min Fuzhou 老虎
Fuqing 老虎
Matsu 老虎
Southern Min Xiamen 虎
Quanzhou 虎
Yongchun 虎
Zhangzhou 虎, 著災仔 dated, euphemistic
Zhao'an 老虎
Taipei 虎
New Taipei (Sanxia) 虎
Kaohsiung 虎
Yilan 虎
Changhua (Lukang) 虎
Taichung 虎
Taichung (Wuqi) 虎
Tainan 虎
Taitung 虎
Hsinchu 虎
Kinmen 虎
Penghu (Magong) 虎
Penang (Hokkien) 老虎
Singapore (Hokkien) 虎, 虎仔, 老虎, 伯公馬 dated
Manila (Hokkien) 虎
Medan (Hokkien) 老虎
Pingnan (Shangdu) 虎
Chaozhou 老虎
Haifeng 老虎
Bangkok (Teochew) 老虎
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 老虎
Singapore (Teochew) 老虎
Leizhou 虎, 大頭貓
Wenchang 老虎
Haikou 虎
Puxian Min Putian 老虎
Fuding (Aoyao) 老虎
Central Min Yong'an 老虎
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 老虎
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 老虎
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dahe) 老虎
Shehua Fu'an 老虎
Fuding 老虎
Luoyuan 老虎
Sanming 老虎
Shunchang 老虎
Hua'an 老虎
Guixi (Zhangping) 老虎
Cangnan 老虎
Jingning 老虎
Lishui 老虎
Longyou 老虎
Chaozhou 老虎
Fengshun 老虎
Wu Shanghai 老虎
Shanghai (Chongming) 老虎
Suzhou 老虎
Wuxi 老虎
Danyang 老虎
Hangzhou 老虎
Ningbo 老虎
Wenzhou 老虎, 大貓
Jinhua 老虎
Xiang Changsha 老虎, 老蟲, 大蟲, 大貓, 爬山子
Loudi 老蟲, 山貓子
Shuangfeng 老蟲, 山貓兒
Quanzhou 老虎

Compounds

Etymology 2
trad. 虎
simp. # 虎

Pronunciation

Definitions

虎

  1. Only used in 馬虎／马虎 (mǎhu).

Compounds

Etymology 3
trad. 虎
simp. # 虎

Pronunciation

Definitions

虎

  1. Only used in 虎不拉 (hùbulǎ).

References

Japanese

Kanji
虎

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. tiger

Readings

Etymology
Kanji in this term
虎
とら
Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese to1ra,[1][2] from Proto-Japonic *tora.

Pellard (2013, 92) includes to1ra among words with o1 excepted from the /-o-/ to /-u-/ vowel-raising rule and not originating from earlier diphthongs. According to Vovin (2021, 111), West Old Japanese *to1ra, instead of expected *tura, is "anomalous" and possibly "a case of a sporadic analogical development".

Vovin (2013) asserts that this word is same as a Silla place name 刀良 (/*tora/), which matches the Old Japanese phonographic spelling.

Pronunciation

Noun

虎(とら) or 虎(トラ) • (tora) 

  1. a tiger (The mammal Panthera tigris)

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as トラ.

Derived terms
Derived terms

References
  1. Frellesvig, Bjarke, Stephen Wright Horn, et al. (eds.) (2023) “Old Japanese twora”, in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese‎
  2. Thomas Pellard. Ryukyuan perspectives on the proto-Japonic vowel system. Frellesvig, Bjarke; Sells, Peter. Japanese/Korean Linguistics 20, CSLI Publications, pp.81–96, 2013, 9781575866383. ffhal01289288
  3. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  4. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 虎 (MC xuX). Recorded as Middle Korean 호〯 (hwǒ) (Yale: hwo) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource 虎 (eumhun 범 호 (beom ho))

  1. Hanja form? of 호 (“tiger”).

Compounds
Compounds

References
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Okinawan

Kanji
虎

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. tiger

Readings

Etymology
Kanji in this term
虎
とぅら
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Cognate with Japanese 虎 (tora, “tiger”).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [tuɾa]

Noun

虎(とぅら) (tura) 

  1. tiger

References
  • “とぅら【虎】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Old Japanese

Etymology

From Proto-Japonic *tora.

Pellard (2013, 92) includes to1ra among words with o1 excepted from the /-o-/ to /-u-/ vowel-raising rule and not originating from earlier diphthongs. According to Vovin (2021, 111), West Old Japanese *to1ra, instead of expected *tura, is "anomalous" and possibly "a case of a sporadic analogical development".

Vovin (2013) asserts that this word is same as a Silla place name 刀良 (/*tora/), which matches the Old Japanese phonographic spelling.

Noun

虎 (to1ra)

  1. tiger
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 2, poem 199a:
      吹響流小角乃音母敵見有虎可吼登諸人之恊流麻低爾
      PUKI1NASEru KUDA no2 OTO2 mo ATA MI1TARU TO1RA ka POYURU to2 MORO2P11TO2 NO2 OBI1YUru madeni
      I blow with the tube to sing, and the tiger howls at the enemy, to where everyone got scared.
  2. year of the Tiger
    • Shōsōin document, text here
      [...] 次刀良〈年廿五二目盲、癈疾〉[...] 次刀良売〈年十二小女〉
      TUGI1 to1ra (TO2SI PA NIPU-GO1-NI ME2 NO2 MI1YAWU, POZITI) [...] TUGI1 to1ra-me2 (TO2SI PA ZIYUNI WOME1)
      [...] next, tora (Year 252; blind with chronical disease) [...] next, tora-me, (Year 12; young woman).

Reconstruction notes

This term is attested in the Man'yōshū only logographically, as 虎.

In the Shōsōin documents, the latter sense is attested phonographically, as a personal name variously called to1ra and to1ra-me2. See also the etymology for further attestations.

Vietnamese

Han character

虎: Hán Nôm readings: hổ

  1. tiger
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