| not have | shame; disgrace | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (無恥/無耻) | 無 | 恥/耻 | |
| simp. (无耻) | 无 | 耻 | |
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 無 | 恥 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 徹 (10) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 武夫切 | 敕里切 |
| Baxter | mju | trhiX |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/mɨo/ | /ʈʰɨX/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/mio/ | /ʈʰɨX/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/mio/ | /ȶʰieX/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/muə̆/ | /ʈʰɨX/ |
| Li Rong |
/mio/ | /ȶʰiəX/ |
| Wang Li |
/mĭu/ | /ȶʰĭəX/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/mi̯u/ | /ȶʰiX/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
wú | chǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex |
mou4 | ci2 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 無 | 無 | 無 | 恥 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
wú | wú | wú | chǐ |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ mju › | ‹ mju › | ‹ mju › | ‹ trhiX › |
| Old Chinese |
/*ma/ | /*ma/ | /*mo/ | /*n̥rəʔ/ |
| English | not have | volitional prefix | don’t | shame; ashamed |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | ||||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 無 | 恥 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13117 | 2780 |
| Phonetic component |
無 | 耳 |
| Rime group |
魚 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
無 | 恥 |
| Old Chinese |
/*ma/ | /*n̥ʰɯʔ/ |
無恥