文明

Chinese
 
language; culture; writing
language; culture; writing; formal; literary; gentle
 
clear; bright; to understand
clear; bright; to understand; next; the Ming dynasty
simp. and trad.
(文明)		 文 明
anagram 明文
文明机场
CIVILIZED AIRPORT

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 文 明
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 明 (4) 明 (4)
Final (韻) 文 (59) 庚 (111)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 無分切 武兵切
Baxter mjun mjaeng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /mɨun/ /mˠiæŋ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /miun/ /mᵚiaŋ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /miuən/ /miaŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /mun/ /miajŋ/
Li
Rong		 /miuən/ /miɐŋ/
Wang
Li		 /mĭuən/ /mĭɐŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /mi̯uən/ /mi̯ɐŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 wén míng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 man4 ming4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 文 明
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 wén míng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ mjun › ‹ mjæng ›
Old
Chinese		 /*mə[n]/ /*mraŋ/
English ornate bright

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 文 明
Reading # 1/1 1/1
No. 13015 9188
Phonetic
component		 文 明
Rime
group		 文 陽
Rime
subdivision		 1 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 文 明
Old
Chinese		 /*mɯn/ /*mraŋ/

Noun

文明

  1. civilization (Classifier: 個／个 m)
    中華文明／中华文明  ―  zhōnghuá wénmíng  ―  Chinese civilization
    四大文明古國／四大文明古国  ―  sì dà wénmíng gǔguó  ―  the Four Great Ancient Civilizations
    書是傳遞文明的工具。 [MSC, trad.]
    书是传递文明的工具。 [MSC, simp.]
    Shū shì chuándì wénmíng de gōngjù. [Pinyin]
    Books are the way in which civilization is transmitted.
    人與其他生物最大的不同，就是擁有文明。 [MSC, trad.]
    人与其他生物最大的不同，就是拥有文明。 [MSC, simp.]
    Rén yǔ qítā shēngwù zuìdà de bùtóng, jiùshì yōngyǒu wénmíng. [Pinyin]
    The ability to develop civilizations is the biggest difference between humans and other living things.
  2. civilized behaviour; manners
    加強文明意識／加强文明意识  ―  jiāqiáng wénmíng yìshí  ―  to improve people's awareness of civilized behaviour

Adjective

文明

  1. civilized
    文明行為／文明行为  ―  wénmíng xíngwéi  ―  civilized behaviour
    文明交往  ―  wénmíng jiāowǎng  ―  to socialize in a civilized manner
    舉止文明／举止文明  ―  jǔzhǐ wénmíng  ―  to behave in a civilized manner
  2. (dated) modern
  3. (Classical) having literary talent

Antonyms

Derived terms

Japanese
Kanji in this term
文 明
ぶん
Grade: 1		 めい
Grade: 2
kan’on

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文明 (MC mjun mjaeng).

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) ぶんめー [bùńméé] (Heiban – [0])
  • IPA(key): [bɯ̟̃ᵝmːe̞ː]

Noun

文(ぶん)明(めい) • (bunmei) 

  1. civilization

Derived terms

Proper noun

文(ぶん)明(めい) • (Bunmei) 

  1. the Bunmei era, 1469-1487

See also

Korean
Hanja in this term
文明

Noun

文明 • (munmyeong) (hangeul 문명)

  1. Hanja form? of 문명 (“civilization”).

Vietnamese
chữ Hán Nôm in this term
文明

Adjective

文明

  1. chữ Hán form of văn minh (“civilized”).
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