塹

See also: 堑

塹	U+5879, 塹 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5879

← 塸
[U+5878]

CJK Unified Ideographs

塺 →
[U+587A]

Translingual

Han character

塹 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+11, 14 strokes, cangjie input 十中土 (JLG), four-corner 5210₄, composition ⿱斬土)

moat, trench, pit, cavity

Derived characters

𪬷

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 237, character 3

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5394

Dae Jaweon: page 475, character 9

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 478, character 8

Unihan data for U+5879

Chinese

trad.		塹
simp.		堑

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (斬) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
慚	*zaːm
慙	*zaːm
鏨	zaːm, zaːmʔ, zaːms, zeːm, *zamʔ
槧	zaːmʔ, sʰam, sʰams, zamʔ
暫	*zaːms
蹔	*zaːms
斬	*ʔsreːmʔ
獑	zeːm, zaːm
嶃	zreːmʔ, zaːm
覱	*ʔsraːms
摲	*sʰraːms
漸	ʔsam, zamʔ
塹	*sʰams
壍	*sʰams
嬱	*sʰams
螹	zam, zamʔ
蔪	*zamʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰams) : phonetic 斬 (OC *ʔsreːmʔ) + semantic 土 (“earth”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qiàn (qian⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): cim³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qiàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ciàn
  - Wade–Giles: chʻien⁴
  - Yale: chyàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiann
  - Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: cim³
  - Yale: chim
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsim³
  - Guangdong Romanization: qim³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiːm³³/

Middle Chinese: tshjemH

Rime
Character	塹
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	清 (14)
Final (韻)	鹽 (153)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	七豔切
Baxter	tshjemH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sʰiᴇm^H/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sʰiɛm^H/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sʰjæm^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sʰiam^H/
Li Rong	/t͡sʰiɛm^H/
Wang Li	/t͡sʰĭɛm^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡sʰi̯ɛm^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	cim³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ]am-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*sʰams/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	塹
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qiàn
Middle Chinese	‹ tshjem^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[tsʰ]am-s/
English	moat; dig out
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	塹
Reading #	1/1
No.	16806
Phonetic component	斬
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	壍
Old Chinese	/*sʰams/
Notes	同壍出説文

Definitions

塹

A deep pit or trench, especially a city moat
A natural barrier
A rift valley

Compounds

地塹／地堑
坑塹／坑堑
塹坑／堑坑
塹壕／堑壕 (qiànháo)
壕塹／壕堑
壘塹／垒堑
天塹／天堑 (tiānqiàn)
欲塹／欲堑
溝塹／沟堑
竹塹／竹堑 (Zhúqiàn)
長江天塹／长江天堑
馬塹／马堑 (Mǎqiàn)
高城深塹／高城深堑
高壁深塹／高壁深堑
高壘深塹／高垒深堑 (gāolěishēnqiàn)

References

"塹" at 《教育百科》, ROC Ministry of Education

Japanese

Kanji

塹

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Go-on: せん (sen)

Kan-on: せん (sen)

Kan’yō-on: ざん (zan)

Kun: ほり (hori)

Korean

Hanja

塹 • (cham) (hangeul 참, revised cham, McCune–Reischauer ch'am)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

塹: Hán Nôm readings: khiếm

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Nom Foundation

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