Fuyu Kyrgyz
Fuyü Gïrgïs
Gĭrgĭs
Pronunciation[qərʁəs]
Native toChina
RegionHeilongjiang
EthnicityFuyu Kyrgyz, 880 people[1]
Native speakers
10 (2007)[1]
Turkic
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
kjh-fyk
Glottologfuyu1243
ELPManchurian Kirghiz
Fuyu Kyrgyz is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Fuyu Kyrgyz (Fuyü Gïrgïs, Fu-Yu Kirgiz), also known as Manchurian Kirghiz, is a Turkic language, and as gɨr.gɨs, Gïrgïs, Kyrgysdar is an ethnonym of the Turkic unrecognized ethnic group in China.[4] Despite the name, the Fuyu Kyrgyz language is not closely related to the Kyrgyz language, which is of Kipchak origin. The Fuyu Kyrgyz language is more similar to the Western Yugur language and the Abakan Turkic languages.[5] The people originated in the Yenisei region of Siberia but were relocated into Dzungaria by the Dzungars.[6][7]

In 1761, after the Dzungars were defeated by the Qing, a group of Yenisei Kirghiz were deported (along with some Öelet or Oirat-speaking Dzungars) to the Nonni (Nen) river basin in Manchuria/Northeast China.[8][9] The Kyrgyz in Manchuria became known as the Fuyu Kyrgyz, but many have become merged into the Mongol and Chinese population. Chinese and Oirat replaced Oirat and Kirghiz during the period of Manchukuo as the dual languages of the Nonni-based Kyrgyz.[10]

The Fuyu Kyrgyz language is now spoken in northeastern China's Heilongjiang province, in and around Fuyu County, Qiqihar (300 km northwest of Harbin) by a small number of passive speakers who are classified as Kyrgyz nationality.[11] Fuyu County as a whole has 1,400 Fuyu Kyrgyz people.[12]

Sounds

Although a complete phonemic analysis of Girgis has not been done,[13] Hu and Imart have made numerous observations about the sound system in their tentative description of the language. They describe Girgis as having the short vowels noted as "a, ï, i, o, ö, u, ü" which correspond roughly to IPA [a, ə, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʉ], with minimal rounding and tendency towards centralization.[14] Vowel length is phonemic and occurs as a result of consonant-deletion (Girgis /pʉːn/ vs. Kyrgyz /byɡyn/ 'today'). Each short vowel has an equivalent long vowel, with the addition of /e/. Girgis displays vowel harmony as well as consonant harmony.[15] The consonant sounds in Girgis, including allophone variants, are [p, b, ɸ, β, t, d, ð, k, q, ɡ, h, ʁ, ɣ, s, ʃ, z, ʒ, dʒ, tʃ, m, n, ŋ, l, r, j]. Girgis does not display a phonemic difference between the stop set /p, t, k/ and /b, d, ɡ/; these stops can also be aspirated to [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] in Chinese loanwords.[16]

A song in the Fuyu Kyrgyz language

dax diben šabim am,
dabendar baarsen γaxen jap,
γairen jaxse buurul adim (in),
γaaneng dibes dabim am?
γap diben šabim am,
γapxandar baarsen γaxen jap,
γairen jaxse buurul adim (in),
γaaneng dibes dabim am?
ib diben šabim am,
ečikter baarsen γaxen jap,
γairen jaxse buurul adim (in),
γaaneng dibes dabim am?
say diben šabim am,
sanderdar baarsen γaxen jap,
γairen jaxse buurul adim (in),
γaaneng dibes dabim am?
bulux diben šabim am,
belterdar baarsen γaxen jap,
γairen jaxse buurul adim (in),
γaaneng dibes dabim am?
γer diben šabim am,
γergestar baarsen γaxen jap,
γaren jaxse buurul adim (in),
γaaneng dibes dabim am?

[17]

Speakers

In 1980, Fuyu Girgis was spoken by a majority of adults in a community of around a hundred homes. However, many adults in the area have switched to speaking a local variety of Mongolian, and children have switched to Chinese as taught in the education system.[18]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Khakas at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ↑ Brown & Ogilvie 2010, p. 1109.
  3. ↑ Johanson & Johanson 2003, p. 83.
  4. ↑ Hu & Imart 1987.
  5. ↑ Hölzl, Andreas (2018). A typology of questions in Northeast Asia and beyond: An ecological perspective. Language Science Press. p. 331. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1344467. ISBN 978-3-96110-102-3. "Despite its name, Fuyu Kyrgyz, spoken in the Helojiang province of Northeastern China, is more closely related to Yellow Uyghur and the other Yenisei Turkic languages than to Kyrgyz as such, which belongs to the Kipchak branch."
  6. ↑ Tchoroev (Chorotegin) 2003, p. 110.
  7. ↑ Pozzi, Janhunen & Weiers 2006, pp. 112–113.
  8. ↑ Janhunen 1996, pp. 111–112.
  9. ↑ Wurm, Mühlhäusler & Tryon 2011, p. 831.
  10. ↑ Janhunen 1996, p. 59.
  11. ↑ Hu & Imart 1987, p. 1.
  12. ↑ Fuyu County Civil Affairs Bureau 2021.
  13. ↑ Hu & Imart 1987, p. 11.
  14. ↑ Hu & Imart 1987, pp. 8–9.
  15. ↑ Hu & Imart 1987, pp. 24–25.
  16. ↑ Hu & Imart 1987, pp. 11–13.
  17. ↑ "Хар мөрөний хиргисийн дуу - Хайран сайн буурал морь минь". Солнечная Сонголия (in Mongolian and Russian). Altaic Society of Korea. 27 Oct 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  18. ↑ Hu & Imart 1987, pp. 2–3.

Works cited

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