Karakalpak
Qaraqalpaq tili, Қарақалпақ тили, قاراقالپاق تىلى
Karakalpak written in Latin, Cyrillic, and Perso-Arabic scripts
Native toUzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan
RegionRepublic of Karakalpakstan
EthnicityKarakalpaks
Native speakers
870,000 (2019)[1]
Turkic
Karakalpak alphabet (Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic script)
Official status
Official language in
Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan)
Language codes
ISO 639-2kaa
ISO 639-3kaa
Glottologkara1467
Map showing locations of Karakalpak (red) within Uzbekistan

Karakalpak (Karakalpak: Qaralqalpaq tili) is a Turkic language spoken by Karakalpaks in Karakalpakstan. It is divided into two dialects, Northeastern Karakalpak and Southwestern Karakalpak. It developed alongside Nogai and neighbouring Kazakh languages, being markedly influenced by both. Typologically, Karakalpak belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic languages, thus being closely related to and highly mutually intelligible with Kazakh and Noghai.[2][3][4]

Classification

Karakalpak is a member of the Kipchak branch of Turkic languages, which includes Kazakh, Bashkir, Tatar, Kumyk, Karachay, Nogai and Kyrgyz. Due to its proximity to Turkmen and Uzbek, some of Karakalpak's vocabulary and grammar has been influenced by Uzbek and Turkmen. Like the vast majority of Turkic languages, Karakalpak has vowel harmony, is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. Word order is usually subject–object–verb.

Geographic distribution

Karakalpak is spoken mainly in the Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic of Uzbekistan. Approximately 2,000 people in Afghanistan and smaller diaspora in parts of Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkey and other parts of the world speak Karakalpak.

Official status

Karakalpak has official status in the Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic.

Dialects

Ethnologue identifies two dialects of Karakalpak: Northeastern and Southwestern. Menges mentions a third possible dialect spoken in the Fergana Valley. The Southwestern dialect has /tʃ/ for the Northeastern /ʃ/.

Phonology

Karakalpak has 25 native consonant phonemes and regularly uses four non-native phonemes in loan words. Non-native sounds are shown in parentheses.

Karakalpak vowels, from Menges (1947:?)

Consonants

Labials Alveolar Post-alv./
Palatal		 Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m ⟨m/м⟩ n ⟨n/н⟩ ŋ ⟨ń/ң⟩
Stop voiceless p ⟨p/п⟩ t ⟨t/т⟩ k ⟨k/к⟩ q ⟨q/қ⟩
voiced b ⟨b/б⟩ d ⟨d/д⟩ ɡ ⟨g/г⟩
Affricate (t͡s ⟨c/ц⟩) (t͡ʃ ⟨ch/ч⟩)
Fricative voiceless (f ⟨f/ф⟩) s ⟨s/с⟩ ʃ ⟨sh/ш⟩ x ⟨x/х⟩ h ⟨h/ҳ⟩
voiced (v ⟨v/в⟩) z ⟨z/з⟩ ʒ ⟨j/ж⟩ ɣ ⟨ǵ/ғ⟩
Approximant l ⟨l/л⟩ j ⟨y/й⟩ w ⟨w/ў⟩
Rhotic r ⟨r/р⟩

Vowels

Front Back
spreadrounded spreadrounded
Close i ⟨i/и⟩ y ⟨ú/ү⟩ ɯ ⟨ı/ы⟩ u ⟨u/у⟩
Mid e ⟨e/е⟩ œ ⟨ó/ө⟩ o ⟨o/о⟩
Open æ ⟨á/ә⟩ a ⟨a/а⟩

Vowel harmony

Vowel harmony functions in Karakalpak much as it does in other Turkic languages. Words borrowed from Russian or other languages may not observe rules of vowel harmony, but the following rules usually apply:

Vowel May be followed by:
aa, ɯ
æe, i
ee, i
ie, i
oa, o, u, ɯ
œe, i, œ, y
ua, o, u
ye, œ, y
ɯa, ɯ

Vocabulary

Personal pronouns

Singular Plural
1st person мен/men 'I' бизлер/bizler 'we'
2nd person сен/sen 'you' сизлер/sizler 'you (pl.)'
3rd person ол/ol 'he/she/it' олар/olar 'they'

Numbers

  1. бир – bir – 1
  2. еки – eki – 2
  3. үш – úsh – 3
  4. төрт – tórt – 4
  5. бес – bes – 5
  6. алты – altı – 6
  7. жети – jeti – 7
  8. сегиз – segiz – 8
  9. тоғыз – toǵız – 9
  10. он – on – 10
  • жүз – júz – 100
  • мың – mıń – 1000
  • миллион – million – 1000000

Writing system

March 2006. A photo laboratory in Nukus – with the signboard written in Karakalpak language using the Latin alphabet.

Karakalpak was written in the Arabic and Persian script until 1932, in the Latin script from 1928 to 1940, after which Cyrillic was introduced. Following Uzbekistan's independence in 1991, the decision was made to drop Cyrillic and revert to the Latin alphabet. Whilst the use of Latin script is now widespread in Tashkent, its introduction into Karakalpakstan remains gradual.[5]

The Cyrillic, Latin, and Arabic alphabets are shown below with their equivalent representations in the IPA. Cyrillic letters with no representation in the Latin alphabet are marked with asterisks. The last changes to the new Karakalpak alphabet were made in 2016: instead of letters with apostrophes, letters with acutes were introduced.[6]

CyrillicLatinArabicIPA
А аA aا / ‍ـا/a/
Ә әÁ áە / ـە/æ/
Б бB bب/b/
В вV vۋ/v/
Г гG gگ‌ /ɡ/
Ғ ғǴ ǵع/ɣ/
Д дD dد/d/
Е еE eە / ـە/e/
Ё ё*yoیو/jo/
Ж жJ jج/ʒ/
З зZ zز/z/
И иI iى / ىـ/i/
Й йY yي / يـ/j/
К кK kك/k/
Қ қQ qق/q/
Л лL lل/l/
М мM mم/m/
Н нN nن/n/
Ң ңŃ ńڴ/ŋ/
О оO oو/o/
Ө өÓ óو‌/œ/
П пP pپ‌/p/
Р рR rر‌/r/
С сS sس/s/
Т тT tت/t/
У уU uوُ/u/
Ү үÚ úوُ‌‌‌‌ /y/
Ў ўW wۋ/w/
Ф фF fف‌/f/
Х хX xح‌/x/
Ҳ ҳH hه / هـ‌ /h/
Ц цC cتس/ts/
Ч чCh chچ/tʃ/
Ш шSh shش/ʃ/
Щ щ*schشش/ʃtʃ/
Ъ ъ*   
Ы ыÍ ıى / ىـ/ɯ/
Ь ь*   
Э эE eە / ـە/e/
Ю ю*yuيوُ/ju/
Я яyaيا‌/ja/

Before 2009, C was written as TS; I and Í were written as dotted and dotless I.[7]

Sample text

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights[8]

Karakalpak text English translation

Барлық

Barlıq

адамлар

adamlar

өз

óz

қәдир-қымбаты

qádir-qımbatı

және

jáne

ҳуқықларында

huqıqlarında

еркин

erkin

ҳәм

hám

тең

teń

болып

bolıp

туўылады.

tuwıladı.

Оларға

Olarǵa

ақыл

aqıl

ҳәм

hám

ҳүждан

hújdan

берилген

berilgen

болып,

bolıp,

бир-бирине

bir-birine

туўысқанлық

tuwısqanlıq

руўхындағы

ruwxındaǵı

қатнаста

qatnasta

болыўы

bolıwı

тийис.

tiyis.

Барлық адамлар өз қәдир-қымбаты және ҳуқықларында еркин ҳәм тең болып туўылады. Оларға ақыл ҳәм ҳүждан берилген болып, бир-бирине туўысқанлық руўхындағы қатнаста болыўы тийис.

Barlıq adamlar óz qádir-qımbatı jáne huqıqlarında erkin hám teń bolıp tuwıladı. Olarǵa aqıl hám hújdan berilgen bolıp, bir-birine tuwısqanlıq ruwxındaǵı qatnasta bolıwı tiyis.

 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Poets

  • Ájiniyaz
  • Berdaq Ǵarǵabay Ulí
  • Kúnxoja
  • Ibrayim Yusupov

See also

References

  1. ↑ Karakalpak at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
  2. ↑ "Karakalpak". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
  3. ↑ "Karakalpak language and alphabet". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  4. ↑ "Glottolog 4.8 - Kara-Kalpak". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  5. ↑ Birgit Schlyter (2012). "Language Policy and Language Development in Multilingual Uzbekistan". In Schiffman, Harold (ed.). Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors. Brill. p. 192.
  6. ↑ "Латын жазыўына тийкарланған қарақалпақ әлипбеси". Каракалпакский государственный университет им. Бердаха (in Kara-Kalpak). Archived from the original on 2017-12-24. Retrieved 2018-01-27.
  7. ↑ Karakalpak Cyrillic – (Old / New) Latin transliterator
  8. ↑ "Karakalpak (Қарақалпақ тили / Qaraqalpaq tili / قاراقالپاق تىلى)". omniglot. Retrieved 2023-08-19.

Bibliography

Kara-Kalpak edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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