Geography of Djibouti

Continent	Africa
Region	Horn of Africa
Area	Ranked 146th
• Total	23,200 km2 (9,000 sq mi)
Coastline	314 km (195 mi)
Borders	575 km (357 mi) *  Ethiopia: 390 km (242 mi) *  Eritrea: 125 km (78 mi) *  Somalia: 60 km (37 mi) *  Yemen: (maritime boundary, Bab el Mandeb)
Highest point	Mousa Ali 2,028 m (6,654 ft)
Lowest point	Lac Assal −155 m (−509 ft)
Largest lake	Lake Abbe
Terrain	Mostly mountainous and volcanic

Djibouti is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. To the east is its coastline on the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Rainfall is sparse, and most of the territory has a semi-arid to arid environment. Lake Assal is a saline lake which lies 155 m (509 ft) below sea level, making it the lowest point on land in Africa and the third-lowest point on Earth after the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea. Djibouti has the fifth smallest population in Africa. Djibouti's major settlements include the capital Djibouti City, the port towns of Tadjoura and Obock, and the southern cities of Ali Sabieh and Dikhil. It is the forty-six country by area in Africa and 147st largest country in the world by land area, covering a total of 23,200 km² (9,000 sq mi), of which 23,180 km² (8,950 sq mi) is land and 20 km² (7.7 sq mi) is water.^[1]

Location

Djibouti shares 125 kilometres (78 mi) of border with Eritrea, 390 kilometres (240 mi) with Ethiopia, and 60 kilometres (37 mi) with Somalia (total 575 km or 357 mi). It has a strategic location on the Horn of Africa and the Bab el Mandeb, along a route through the Red Sea and Suez Canal. Djibouti's coastline serves as a commercial gateway between the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn region's interior. The country is also the terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia.

Physiographic regions

Djibouti can be divided into three physiographic regions

1. The Northern Mountains
2. Grand Bara
3. The Southern Mountains

The Goda Mountains

Grand Bara

The Grand Bara Desert

The Grand Bara Desert covers parts of southern Djibouti in the Arta Region, Ali Sabieh Region and Dikhil Region. The majority of the Grand Bara Desert lies at a relatively low elevation, below 1,700 feet (560 m). Home of the popular Grand Bara footrace.

Coasts

Most of Djibouti has been described as part of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion. The exception is a strip along the Red Sea coast, which is part of the Eritrean coastal desert; it is noted as an important migration route for birds of prey.^[3]

Map of the regions of Djibouti.

Regions

The area of the regions of Djibouti is set out in the table below.

The rainfall of Djibouti

Climate

There is not much seasonal variation in Djibouti's climate. Hot conditions prevail year-round along with winter rainfall. Mean daily maximum temperatures range from 32 to 41 °C (90 to 106 °F), except at high elevations. In Djibouti City, for instance, afternoon highs in April typically range from 28 °C (82 °F) to 34 °C (93 °F) in April. Nationally, mean daily minima generally vary between sites from about 15 to 30 °C (59 to 86 °F). The greatest range in climate occurs in eastern Djibouti, where temperatures sometimes surpass 41 °C (106 °F) in July on the littoral plains and fall below freezing point during December in the highlands. In this region, relative humidity ranges from about 40% in the mid-afternoon to 85% at night, changing somewhat according to the season.

Köppen climate types of Djibouti

Djibouti has 988,000 people living there. Djibouti has either a hot semi-arid climate (BSh) or a hot desert climate (BWh), although temperatures are much moderated at the high elevations. On the coastal seaboard, annual rainfall is less than 5 inches (131 mm); in the highlands, it is about 8 to 16 inches (200 to 400 mm). Although the coastal regions are hot and humid throughout the year, the hinterland is typically hot and dry. The climate conditions are highly variable within the country and vary locally by altitude. Summers are very humid along the coast but dry in the highlands. Heat waves are frequent. Annual precipitation amounts vary greatly from one year to another. In general, rain falls more frequently and extensively in the mountains. Sudden and brutal storms are also known to occur. Wadis turn for a few hours into raging torrents tearing everything in their path, and their course is regularized. Rainwater serves as an additional water supply for livestock and plants alongside seasonal watercourses. The highlands have temperate climate throughout the year. The climate of most lowland zones is arid and semiarid.

The climate of the interior shows notable differences from the coastline. Especially in the mornings, the temperature is pleasant: it is so in Arta, Randa and Day (where temperatures of 10 degrees Celsius have been recorded).

Climate charts of different locations in Djibouti

Djibouti City

Tadjoura

Obock

Ali Sabieh

Airolaf

Dikhil

Arta

Dorra

Holhol

Alaili Dadda

Yoboki

Djibouti City
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     10     29 22     19     29 23     20     30 24     29     32 25     17     35 27     0.1     39 29     6.2     42 31     5.6     41 31     3.1     37 29     20     33 26     22     31 23     11     29 22 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.4     84 71     0.7     84 73     0.8     86 75     1.1     90 78     0.7     95 81     0     102 85     0.2     107 88     0.2     106 87     0.1     99 84     0.8     92 78     0.9     87 74     0.4     85 71 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

Arta
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     30     25 15     27     26 17     26     27 18     30     28 20     16     29 21     1     33 24     9     36 26     20     36 25     10     32 23     12     28 20     43     27 18     12     26 15 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: Levoyageur
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     1.2     77 59     1.1     79 62     1     80 65     1.2     83 68     0.6     85 71     0     92 75     0.4     97 78     0.8     96 77     0.4     89 74     0.5     82 68     1.7     80 64     0.5     79 60 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

Holhol
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     5     26 17     9     27 18     25     29 20     37     31 21     14     35 23     7     39 26     11     39 28     35     36 28     29     34 26     13     30 22     7     28 19     6     27 17 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: Climate-Data
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.2     80 63     0.4     81 65     1     85 68     1.5     88 71     0.6     94 74     0.3     102 78     0.4     102 83     1.4     97 82     1.1     92 78     0.5     87 72     0.3     82 67     0.2     81 63 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

Ali Sabieh
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     17     26 15     14     27 17     15     27 18     21     28 20     5     29 21     2     33 24     19     36 25     43     36 25     34     32 23     10     28 20     13     27 18     7     26 15 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: Climate-Data
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.7     79 59     0.6     80 62     0.6     81 65     0.8     82 68     0.2     85 71     0.1     92 75     0.7     97 77     1.7     96 77     1.3     89 74     0.4     82 68     0.5     80 64     0.3     79 60 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

Dikhil
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     7     27 17     8     27 19     10     28 20     28     28 22     9     31 23     3     36 26     29     38 28     41     38 27     38     34 26     8     29 22     6     28 19     2     28 18 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: Climate-Data
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.3     81 63     0.3     81 66     0.4     82 68     1.1     83 71     0.4     88 74     0.1     96 78     1.1     101 82     1.6     100 81     1.5     93 78     0.3     85 72     0.2     83 67     0.1     82 64 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

Airolaf
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     34     24 9     37     24 10     33     25 12     45     26 13     24     27 15     13     30 17     49     31 19     70     31 18     56     29 17     16     27 13     32     25 11     22     24 9 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: Climate-Data
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     1.3     75 49     1.5     76 51     1.3     77 53     1.8     79 56     0.9     81 59     0.5     86 63     1.9     88 66     2.8     87 65     2.2     85 62     0.6     80 56     1.3     78 52     0.9     75 49 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

Alaili Dadda
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     10     28 20     11     28 20     13     30 22     11     32 23     6     35 26     2     37 28     13     38 28     19     37 27     17     36 27     7     33 24     14     30 22     12     28 21 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: Climate-Data
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.4     82 67     0.4     82 69     0.5     85 71     0.4     89 74     0.2     94 78     0.1     99 83     0.5     101 82     0.7     99 81     0.7     96 81     0.3     91 75     0.6     86 71     0.5     82 70 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

Yoboki
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     6     30 21     6     30 22     3     32 24     10     34 25     4     38 28     3     40 30     45     40 28     55     39 28     26     38 29     2     35 25     4     32 22     4     30 21 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: Climate-Data
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.2     86 69     0.2     86 72     0.1     90 74     0.4     94 77     0.2     100 82     0.1     105 86     1.8     105 83     2.2     103 82     1     100 84     0.1     94 77     0.2     89 72     0.2     86 70 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

Graphically the seasons can be represented this way:

Month	Dec	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov
Season	Winter|Jilaal					Summer/Hagaa				Winter|Jilaal
Temperature	Cool				Very Hot						Cool

Selected elevations of notable locations

The Arrei Mountains as seen from Ali Sabieh.

The Southern part of the Boura Mountains.

Lake Assal is the lowest point in Africa.

Resources and land use

Grazing camel in Ali Sabieh Region.

Land use: arable land: 0.1%
permanent pasture: 73.3%
forest: 0.2%
other: 26.4% (2011)

Irrigated land: 10 km² (3.86 sq mi) (2012)

Environment

Natural hazards include earthquakes, drought, and occasional cyclonic disturbances from the Indian Ocean, which bring heavy rains, and flash floods. Natural resources include geothermal energy. Inadequate supplies of potable water, limited arable land and desertification are current issues.

Djibouti is a party to international agreements on biodiversity, climate change, desertification, endangered species, Law of the Sea, ozone layer protection, ship pollution, and wetlands.

Coastline

The Republic of Djibouti Maritime Borders.

Djibouti has a coastline which measures about 314 kilometres (195 mi). Much of the coastline is accessible and quite varied in geography and habitats.

Human geography

Satellite images of Djibouti during the night.

The population of Djibouti in 2015 was 846,000.

For statistical purposes, the country has three areas; Djibouti City (population 529,000), Ali Sabieh (population 55,000), and Dikhil (population 54,000). Djibouti's population is diverse demographically; 60% Somali, 35% Afar, and 3% Arabs. In terms of religion, 94% Muslim, 6% Christian.

Extreme points

This is a list of the extreme points of Djibouti, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.

• Northernmost point – Ras Doumera, Obock Region
• Northernmost point (mainland) – the point at which the border with Eritrea enters the Red Sea, Obock Region
• Easternmost point – unnamed section of the Red Sea coast north of Ras Bir, Obock Region
• Southernmost point – unnamed location on the border with Ethiopia west of the town of As Ela, Dikhil Region
• Westernmost point – unnamed location on the border with Ethiopia immediately east of the Ethiopian town of Afambo, Dikhil Region

References