French Somaliland | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1883–1967 | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Anthem: La Marseillaise | |||||||||
 French Somaliland in 1922 | |||||||||
| Status | Colony of France (1884–1946) Overseas territory of France (1946–1967) | ||||||||
| Capital | Djibouti | ||||||||
| Common languages | |||||||||
| Religion | |||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Somali French Somali | ||||||||
| Government | Dependent territory | ||||||||
| Governor | |||||||||
• 1884–1899 | Léonce Lagarde | ||||||||
• 1965–1967 | Louis Saget | ||||||||
| Historical era | New Imperialism | ||||||||
• Established | May 20 1883 | ||||||||
| June 18, 1940 | |||||||||
| December 28, 1942 | |||||||||
• Status changed to overseas territory | October 27, 1946 | ||||||||
• Renamed | July 5 1967 | ||||||||
| Currency | French franc (1883–1949) French Somaliland franc (1949–1967) | ||||||||
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| Today part of | Djibouti | ||||||||
| History of Djibouti |
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| Prehistory |
| Antiquity |
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| Middle Ages |
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| Colonial period |
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| Modern period |
| Republic of Djibouti |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Africa portal  History portal |
French Somaliland (French: Côte française des Somalis, lit. 'French coast of the Somalis'; Somali: Xeebta Soomaaliyeed ee Faransiiska) was a French colony in the Horn of Africa. It existed between 1884 and 1967, at which time it became the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas. The Republic of Djibouti is its legal successor state.[1]
History
Haji Dideh, the Sultan of Zeila and prosperous Gadabuursi merchant was the pioneer of the name Côte Française des Somalis or the French Coast of the Somalis, and later French Somaliland, and coined the name to the French. He also built the first mosque in what is now known as Djibouti, which still functions as of today.[2][3][4] French Somaliland was formally established in 1896 after the Gadabuursi,[5] Issa[6] and Afar each signed a treaty with the French, but iterations of what would eventually become French Somaliland existed for few decades prior to the official formation. On March 11, 1862, a treaty signed by Afar Sultan Raieta Dini Ahmet in Paris ceded the territory of Obock for 10,000 thalaris, around 55,000 francs. Later on, that treaty was used by Captain Alphonse Fleuriot de Langle to colonize the south of the Bay of Tadjoura. On March 25, 1885 the French signed a treaty with the Gadabuursi, effectively making them a protectorate of France.[7] On March 26, 1885 the French signed another treaty with the Issa making the latter a protectorate under the French. No money changed hands and the Somalis did not sign away any of their land rights; the agreement was meant to protect their land from outsiders with the help of the French. However, after the French sailors of the Le Pingouin vessel were mysteriously killed in Ambado in 1886, the French first blamed the British, then the Somalis, using the incident to lay claim to the entire southern territory.[8][9][10][11] [12][13]
An attempt by Russian adventurer Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov to establish a settlement at Sagallo in 1889 was promptly thwarted by French forces after just one month.
The construction of the Imperial Ethiopian Railway west into Ethiopia turned the port of Djibouti into a boomtown of 15,000[14] at a time when Harar was the only city in Ethiopia with a greater population.[15] Although the city's population fell after the completion of the line to Dire Dawa and the bankruptcy (and subsequent government bail-out) of the original company, the rail link allowed Djibouti to quickly overtake the caravan-based trade out of Zeila[16] (then in British Somaliland) and become the premier port for coffee and other goods leaving southern Ethiopia and the Ogaden through Harar. Before the French aligned with the Issa, the Gadabuursi held the position of the first Senator of the country, and is the first Somali head of state to lead the territory compromising Djibouti today. Djama Ali Moussa, a former sailor, pursued his political aspirations and managed to become the first Somali democratically elected head of state in French Somaliland.[17][18]
The railway continued operating after the Italian conquest of Ethiopia, but following the tumult of the Second World War, the area became a French overseas territory in 1946. In 1967, French Somaliland was renamed the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas and, in 1977, became the independent country of Djibouti.
See also
References
- ↑ France Ministère des colonies, Sous-secrétariat des colonies; DÉCRET N° 120, ARTICLE PREMIER (1896). "Bulletin officiel du Ministère des colonies". gallica.bnf.fr. Retrieved 2020-10-24.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Rayne, Henry a (8 August 2015). Sun, Sand and Somals; Leaves from the Note-Book of a District Commissioner in British Somaliland. BiblioLife. ISBN 9781297569760.
- ↑ Farah, Rachad (1 September 2013). Un embajador en el centro de los acontecimientos (in Spanish). Editions L'Harmattan. p. 17. ISBN 9782336321356.
- ↑ Yasin, Yasin Mohammed (2010). Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti (PDF) (Doctoral thesis). University of Hamburg. p. 92, who cites Morin, Didier (2005). "Gadabuursi". In Uhlig, Siegbert (ed.). Encyclopedia Aethiopica. Vol. II. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 639–641 [p. 640].
- ↑ Henry, J. (1885). Traité de protectorat de la France sur les territoires du pays des Gada-boursis. Ministère des Colonies-Traités (1687–1911).
- ↑ "IREL, visualisation d'images". anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2020-10-30.
- ↑ Henry, J. (1885). Traité de protectorat de la France sur les territoires du pays des Gada-boursis. Ministère des Colonies-Traités (1687–1911).
- ↑ Henri, Brunschwig (1968). "Histoire Africaine". Cahiers d'Études africaines. 8 (29): 32–47. doi:10.3406/cea.1968.3123.
- ↑ "Tracer des frontières à Djibouti". djibouti.frontafrique.org. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
- ↑ Adolphe, Martens; Challamel, Augustin; C, Luzac (1899). Le Regime de Protectorats. Bruxelles: Institut Colonial Internationale. p. 383.
- ↑ Simon, Imbert-Vier (2011). Trace des frontiere a Djibouti. Paris: Khartala. p. 128.
- ↑ Raph Uwechue, Africa year book and who's who, (Africa Journal Ltd.: 1977), p. 209 ISBN 0903274051.
- ↑ A Political Chronology of Africa, (Taylor & Francis: 2001), p. 132 ISBN 1857431162.
- ↑ "Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 414.
- ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 86.
- ↑ "Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 950.
- ↑ Oberlé (Philippe), Hugot (Pierre) [1985], chapitre 4.
- ↑ Subjects of Empires, Citizens of States: Yemenis in Djibouti and Ethiopia
Further reading
- Imbert-Vier, Simon (2008). Frontières et limites à Djibouti durant la période coloniale (1884–1977) (PhD thesis). Université de Provence–Aix-Marseille I.
- Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 378–384, see page 382.
French Somaliland