Arcabuco Formation
Stratigraphic range: Tithonian-Berriasian
~
Arcabuco Formation at the Sáchica rock shelter
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesRosablanca Fm., Cumbre Fm.
OverliesGirón Formation
Thickness500–800 m (1,600–2,600 ft)
Lithology
PrimarySandstone
OtherShale
Location
Coordinates5°38′11″N 73°30′41″W / 5.63639°N 73.51139°W / 5.63639; -73.51139
RegionAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Eastern Ranges, Andes
Country Colombia
Type section
Named forArcabuco
Named byScheibe
LocationArcabuco (original)
Villa de Leyva (redefined)
Year defined1938, 1985
Coordinates5°38′11″N 73°30′41″W / 5.63639°N 73.51139°W / 5.63639; -73.51139
RegionBoyacá
Country Colombia

Paleogeography of Northern South America
150 Ma, by Ron Blakey

The Arcabuco Formation (Spanish: Formación Arcabuco, Jar, JKa) is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation consists of thick beds of light-coloured quartzitic sandstones and conglomerates with occasional shales and dates to the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous periods; Tithonian to Berriasian epochs. Dinosaur footprints have been found in the Arcabuco Formation near the Iguaque anticlinal outside Chíquiza, Boyacá.

Etymology

The formation was first defined by Scheibe in 1938 and named after Arcabuco, Boyacá.[1] The type section of the Arcabuco Formation was redefined in 1985 by Galvis and Rubiano around Villa de Leyva.[2]

Description

Lithologies

The Arcabuco Formation is characterised by a sequence of light- to pink-coloured fine quartzitic sandstones and conglomerates with red shales up to 50 metres (160 ft) in thickness intercalated.[1][3] In the Arcabuco Formation, in the Iguaque Anticlinal, dinosaur tracks have been found.[4] The overhanging rock shelter of Sáchica in Sáchica, Boyacá, consists of the sandstones of the Arcabuco Formation.

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The 500 to 800 metres (1,600 to 2,600 ft) thick Arcabuco Formation unconformably overlies the Girón Formation and is overlain by the Rosablanca and Cumbre Formations.[5] The age has been estimated to be Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Guavio and La Naveta Formations of the eastern and southern Altiplano respectively.[1][6] The Arcabuco Formation has been deposited in a rift basin setting.[7]

Outcrops

Arcabuco Formation is located in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Arcabuco Formation
Redefined type locality of the Arcabuco Formation on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

The Arcabuco Formation is found apart from its original type locality near Arcabuco, in the anticlinal of Lake Iguaque between Villa de Leyva, Sáchica and Chíquiza, where the formation has been redefined in the Arcabuco Anticlinal.[4][8]

Regional correlations

Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges
AgePaleomapVMMGuaduas-VélezW Emerald BeltVilleta anticlinalChiquinquirá-
Arcabuco		Tunja-
Duitama		Altiplano CundiboyacenseEl Cocuy
MaastrichtianUmirCórdobaSecaerodedGuaduasColón-Mito Juan
UmirGuadalupe
CampanianCórdoba
Oliní
SantonianLa LunaCimarrona - La TablaLa Luna
ConiacianOliníVilletaConejoChipaque
GüagüaquíLoma GordaundefinedLa Frontera
TuronianHonditaLa FronteraOtanche
CenomanianSimitíhiatusLa CoronaSimijacaCapacho
Pacho Fm.Hiló - PachoChuruvitaUneAguardiente
AlbianHilóChiquinquiráTibasosaUne
TablazoTablazoCapotes - La Palma - SimitíSimitíTibú-Mercedes
AptianCapotesSocotá - El PeñónPajaFómeque
PajaPajaEl PeñónTrincherasRío Negro
La Naveta
Barremian
HauterivianMuzoCáquezaLas Juntas
RosablancaRitoque
ValanginianRitoqueFuratenaÚtica - MurcaRosablancahiatusMacanal
Rosablanca
BerriasianCumbreCumbreLos MediosGuavio
TamborArcabucoCumbre
Sources
Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
MaAgePaleomapRegional eventsCatatumboCordilleraproximal Llanosdistal LlanosPutumayoVSMEnvironmentsMaximum thicknessPetroleum geologyNotes
0.01Holocene
Holocene volcanism
Seismic activity		alluviumOverburden
1Pleistocene
Pleistocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
Glaciations		GuayaboSoatá
Sabana		NecesidadGuayaboGigante
Neiva
Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)550 m (1,800 ft)
(Guayabo)		[9][10][11][12]
2.6Pliocene
Pliocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
GABI		Subachoque
5.3MessinianAndean orogeny 3
Foreland		MarichuelaCaimánHonda[11][13]
13.5LanghianRegional floodingLeónhiatusCajaLeónLacustrine (León)400 m (1,300 ft)
(León)		Seal[12][14]
16.2BurdigalianMiocene inundations
Andean orogeny 2		C1Carbonera C1OspinaProximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)850 m (2,790 ft)
(Carbonera)		Reservoir[13][12]
17.3C2Carbonera C2Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)Seal
19C3Carbonera C3Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)Reservoir
21Early MiocenePebas wetlandsC4Carbonera C4BarzalosaDistal fluvio-deltaic (C4)Seal
23Late Oligocene
Andean orogeny 1
Foredeep		C5Carbonera C5OritoProximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)Reservoir[10][13]
25C6Carbonera C6Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)Seal
28Early OligoceneC7C7PepinoGualandayProximal deltaic-marine (C7)Reservoir[10][13][15]
32Oligo-EoceneC8UsmeC8onlapMarine-deltaic (C8)Seal
Source		[15]
35Late Eocene
MiradorMiradorCoastal (Mirador)240 m (790 ft)
(Mirador)		Reservoir[12][16]
40Middle EoceneRegaderahiatus
45
50Early Eocene
SochaLos CuervosDeltaic (Los Cuervos)260 m (850 ft)
(Los Cuervos)		Seal
Source		[12][16]
55Late PaleocenePETM
2000 ppm CO2		Los CuervosBogotáGualanday
60Early PaleoceneSALMABarcoGuaduasBarcoRumiyacoFluvial (Barco)225 m (738 ft)
(Barco)		Reservoir[9][10][13][12][17]
65Maastrichtian
KT extinctionCatatumboGuadalupeMonserrateDeltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)750 m (2,460 ft)
(Guadalupe)		Reservoir[9][12]
72CampanianEnd of riftingColón-Mito Juan[12][18]
83SantonianVilleta/Güagüaquí
86Coniacian
89TuronianCenomanian-Turonian anoxic eventLa LunaChipaqueGachetáhiatusRestricted marine (all)500 m (1,600 ft)
(Gachetá)		Source[9][12][19]
93Cenomanian
Rift 2
100AlbianUneUneCaballosDeltaic (Une)500 m (1,600 ft)
(Une)		Reservoir[13][19]
113Aptian
CapachoFómequeMotemaYavíOpen marine (Fómeque)800 m (2,600 ft)
(Fómeque)		Source (Fóm)[10][12][20]
125BarremianHigh biodiversityAguardientePajaShallow to open marine (Paja)940 m (3,080 ft)
(Paja)		Reservoir[9]
129Hauterivian
Rift 1Tibú-
Mercedes		Las JuntashiatusDeltaic (Las Juntas)910 m (2,990 ft)
(Las Juntas)		Reservoir (LJun)[9]
133ValanginianRío NegroCáqueza
Macanal
Rosablanca		Restricted marine (Macanal)2,935 m (9,629 ft)
(Macanal)		Source (Mac)[10][21]
140BerriasianGirón
145TithonianBreak-up of PangeaJordánArcabucoBuenavista
Batá
SaldañaAlluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)110 m (360 ft)
(Buenavista)		"Jurassic"[13][22]
150Early-Mid Jurassic
Passive margin 2La Quinta
Montebel

Noreán		hiatusCoastal tuff (La Quinta)100 m (330 ft)
(La Quinta)		[23]
201Late Triassic
MucuchachiPayandé[13]
235Early Triassic
Pangeahiatus"Paleozoic"
250Permian
300Late Carboniferous
Famatinian orogenyCerro Neiva
()		[24]
340Early CarboniferousFossil fish
Romer's gap		Cuche
(355-385)		Farallones
()		Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)900 m (3,000 ft)
(Cuche)
360Late Devonian
Passive margin 1Río Cachirí
(360-419)		Ambicá
()		Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)2,400 m (7,900 ft)
(Farallones)		[21][25][26][27][28]
390Early Devonian
High biodiversityFloresta
(387-400)
El Tíbet
Shallow marine (Floresta)600 m (2,000 ft)
(Floresta)
410Late SilurianSilurian mystery
425Early Silurianhiatus
440Late Ordovician
Rich fauna in BoliviaSan Pedro
(450-490)		Duda
()
470Early OrdovicianFirst fossilsBusbanzá
(>470±22)
Chuscales
Otengá
Guape
()		Río Nevado
()
Hígado
()
Agua Blanca
Venado
(470-475)
[29][30][31]
488Late Cambrian
Regional intrusionsChicamocha
(490-515)		Quetame
()		Ariarí
()		SJ del Guaviare
(490-590)		San Isidro
()		[32][33]
515Early CambrianCambrian explosion[31][34]
542Ediacaran
Break-up of Rodiniapre-Quetamepost-ParguazaEl Barro
()		Yellow: allochthonous basement
(Chibcha Terrane)
Green: autochthonous basement
(Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement[35][36]
600NeoproterozoicCariri Velhos orogenyBucaramanga
(600-1400)		pre-Guaviare[32]
800
Snowball Earth[37]
1000Mesoproterozoic
Sunsás orogenyAriarí
(1000)		La Urraca
(1030-1100)		[38][39][40][41]
1300Rondônia-Juruá orogenypre-AriaríParguaza
(1300-1400)		Garzón
(1180-1550)		[42]
1400
pre-Bucaramanga[43]
1600PaleoproterozoicMaimachi
(1500-1700)		pre-Garzón[44]
1800
Tapajós orogenyMitú
(1800)		[42][44]
1950Transamazonic orogenypre-Mitú[42]
2200Columbia
2530Archean
Carajas-Imataca orogeny[42]
3100Kenorland
Sources
Legend
  • group
  • important formation
  • fossiliferous formation
  • minor formation
  • (age in Ma)
  • proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
  • distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]

See also

List of stratigraphic units with dinosaur tracks
Geology of the Eastern Hills
Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

Notes

  1. ↑ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[45], García González et al. (2009),[46] and geological report of Villavicencio[47]
  2. ↑ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[45] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[48]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Galvis & Valencia, 2009, p.17
  2. ↑ Galvis & Valencia, 2009, p.15
  3. ↑ Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.28
  4. 1 2 Moreno Sánchez et al., 2011
  5. ↑ Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.29
  6. ↑ Villamil, 2012, p.168
  7. ↑ Villamil, 2012, p.163
  8. ↑ Plancha 191, 1998
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 García González et al., 2009, p.27
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 García González et al., 2009, p.50
  11. 1 2 García González et al., 2009, p.85
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
  14. ↑ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
  15. 1 2 Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
  16. 1 2 Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
  17. ↑ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
  18. ↑ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
  19. 1 2 Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
  20. ↑ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
  21. 1 2 Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
  22. ↑ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
  23. ↑ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
  24. ↑ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
  25. ↑ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
  26. ↑ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
  27. ↑ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
  28. ↑ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
  29. ↑ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
  30. ↑ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
  31. 1 2 Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
  32. 1 2 Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
  33. ↑ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
  34. ↑ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
  35. ↑ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
  36. ↑ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
  37. ↑ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
  38. ↑ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
  39. ↑ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
  40. ↑ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
  41. ↑ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
  42. 1 2 3 4 Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
  43. ↑ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
  44. 1 2 Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
  45. 1 2 Duarte et al., 2019
  46. ↑ García González et al., 2009
  47. ↑ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
  48. ↑ García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography

  • Galvis Arenas, Beatriz Elena, and José Leonardo Valencia Escobar. 2009. Contribución en la determinación de los posibles paleoambientes de las rocas Cretáceas Tempranas sobre la vía Tunja-Villa de Leyva (entre Alto del Arrayán - Peaje Sáchica) y sectores aledaños, departamento de Boyacá, 1–127. Universidad de Caldas.
  • Moreno Sánchez, Mario; Arley de Jesús Gómez Cruz, and Jorge Gómez Tapias. 2012. Reporte de huellas de dinsosaurios en el Santuario de Fauna y Flora de Iguaque, en cercanías de Chíquiza (Boyacá, Colombia). Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 33. _. Accessed 2017-05-02.
  • Rodríguez Parra, Antonio José, and Orlando Solano Silva. 2000. Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Boyacá - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa, 1–120. INGEOMINAS.
  • Villamil, Tomas. 2012. Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, 161–216. Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM).

Maps

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