kapur

From Malay kapur, from Proto-Malayic *kapur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qapuʀ, ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *qapuʀ (“lime, calcium”). Cognate with Tagalog apog (“lime”), Tsou hapuyu (“lime”), and Eastern Cham ꨆꨚꨭꨩ (kapū). Doublet of kamper.

• IPA^(key): [ˈkapʊr]
• Hyphenation: ka‧pur

kapur (first-person possessive kapurku, second-person possessive kapurmu, third-person possessive kapurnya)

1. lime (calcium oxide, quicklime)

• “kapur” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

From Proto-Malayic *kapur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qapuʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *qapuʀ (“lime, calcium”). Cognate with Tagalog apog (“lime”), Tsou hapuyu (“lime”), Eastern Cham ꨆꨚꨭꨩ (kapū). The initial k- is unexplained (expected reflex is *hapur) and may indicate an alternate byform *kapuʀ according to Blust and Trussel.

Compare the Austroasiatic loanwords: Proto-Mon-Khmer *knpur (“lime”) (whence Khmer កំបោរ (kɑmbao, “lime, quicklime; plaster”), Middle Mon gapuiw (“lime”) > Mon ဂပဵု (həpɒ, “lime, stalked lime”), Vietnamese vôi (“lime”), Muong pôl (“lime”)), as well as Khmer កប៌ូរ (kāpōr, “camphor”).

Mayrhofer explains the anlaut variation observed in the descendants by the Austronesian prefix-variation kar- : kam- : ka-.

• IPA^(key): /kapur/
  • (Johor-Riau) IPA^(key): [kapo]
• Rhymes: -pur, -ur

kapur (Jawi spelling کاڤور, informal 1st possessive kapurku, 2nd possessive kapurmu, 3rd possessive kapurnya)

1. lime (calcium oxide, quicklime)

• Indonesian: kapur
• → Medieval Latin: camphora
  • → Byzantine Greek: καμφορά (kamphorá), κάμφορα (kámphora), κάμφρα (kámphra) (?), καφόρα (kaphóra), καμφούρα (kamphoúra)
    • Greek: καμφορά (kamforá), κάμφορα (kámfora)
      • → Romanian: camfor
      • → Russian: камфара́ (kamfará), ка́мфара (kámfara)
        • → Belarusian: камфара́ (kamfará), ка́мфара (kámfara)
  • Catalan: càmfora
  • → Middle High German: kampfer, gaffer
    • → Czech: kafr
    • → German: Campher, Kampfer, Campher
      • → Hungarian: kámfor
  • → Finnish: kamferi
  • Italian: canfora
    • → Russian: камфо́ра (kamfóra), камфара́ (kamfará)
      • → Armenian: կամֆորա (kamfora)
      • → Kazakh: камфора (kamfora)
  • Old French: camphore, camphre
    • → English: camphor
      • → Malay: kamfor
    • French: camphre
    • → Middle English: camphire, caumfre
      • English: camphire
  • → Old Polish: kampor
    • Polish: kamfora
      • → Belarusian: камфо́ра (kamfóra), (Old Belarusian) камфоръ, (dialectal) кампор (kampór), кампора (kampóra)
  • Portuguese: cânfora
  • → Serbo-Croatian:
    • Cyrillic script: ка̑мфор
    • Latin script: kȃmfor
  • → Slovak: kamfor, gáfor
  • → Slovene: kamfor
• → Middle Persian: 𐭪𐭠𐭯𐭥𐭫 (kʾp̄wl /⁠kāpūr⁠/)
  • → Arabic: كَافُور (kāfūr), قَافُور (qāfūr), قَفُّور (qaffūr)
    • Andalusian Arabic: كافور (al-kāfūr)
      • → Spanish: alcanfor
        • → Tagalog: alkampor
      • → Portuguese: alcânfora
    • → Aramaic:

      Classical Syriac: ܟܐܦܘܪ, ܩܦܘܪ

      Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: כפורא, כופרא

    • → Byzantine Greek: καφουρά f (kaphourá), καφούρα f (kaphoúra), καφούριoν n (kaphoúrion), καφοῦριν n (kaphoûrin)
      • Greek: καφουρά (kafourá)
    • → Georgian: ქაფური (kapuri)
    • → Kurdish:

      Northern Kurdish: kafûr

      Central Kurdish: کافوور (kafûr)

      Southern Kurdish: کافوور (kafûr)

    • → Latin: caphura
      • → Catalan: càmfora
      • →? Albanian: kamfuri
    • → Persian: کافور (kâfur)
      • → Middle Armenian: քաֆուր (kʻafur)
        • Armenian: քաֆուր (kʻafur)
      • → Punjabi:

        Gurmukhi script: ਕਾਫ਼ੂਰ (kāfūr)

        Shahmukhi script: كافور (kāfūr)

    • → Turkish: kâfur
  • → Aramaic:
    • Classical Syriac: ܟܐܦܘܪ (kāp̄ūr)
    • Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: כאפור (kāp̄ūr)
  • → Old Armenian: քափուր (kʻapʻur), կափուր (kapʻur)
    • Armenian: քափուր (kʻapʻur)
• → Sanskrit: कर्पूर (karpūra)
  • Gujarati: કપૂર (kapūr)
  • → Kannada: ಕರ್ಪೂರ (karpūra)
  • → Malayalam: കർപ്പൂരം (kaṟppūraṁ)
  • Marathi: कापूर (kāpūr)
  • Nepali: कपुर (kapura)
  • Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀓𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀽𑀭 (kappūra)
    • Hindi: कपूर (kapūr)
  • → Sinhalese: කපුරු (kapuru)
  • → Tamil: கற்பூரம் (kaṟpūram)
  • → Telugu: కర్పూరము (karpūramu)
• → Pali: kappūra
• → Sogdian: ܟܦܐܘܪ (kpʾwr /⁠kapūr⁠/)
• → Korean: 캠퍼 (kaempeo)
• → Japanese: カンフル (kanfuru)

• Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 68
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 175
• Lokotsch, Karl (1927) Etymologisches Wörterbuch der europäischen Wörter orientalischen Ursprungs (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, § 1100, page 88b

• “kapur” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.