jꜥr

Egyptian

Pronunciation

Verb
ia
r		 O41

 3-lit.

  1. (intransitive) to ascend (+ r: to (a place or (less often) person); + n to (a person or (less often) place)) [since the Pyramid Texts]
  2. (intransitive, of royal dignity) to arise [18th Dynasty]
  3. (intransitive, of a wound) to extend, to penetrate (+ n: to (bone, etc.))
  4. (intransitive, with n, m, or ḫr) to approach, to come to (someone or something)
  5. (transitive) to approach, to come to (someone or something) [Greco-Roman Period]
  6. (transitive) to take up (someone or something) to oneself, to lift [Greco-Roman Period]

Inflection
Conjugation of jꜥr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jꜥr, geminated stem: jꜥrr
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
jꜥr
 jꜥrw, jꜥr
 jꜥrt
 jꜥr
 jꜥr
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
jꜥr
 ḥr jꜥr
 m jꜥr
 r jꜥr
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active contingent
aspect / mood active
perfect jꜥr.n
 consecutive jꜥr.jn
terminative jꜥrt
perfective3 jꜥr
 obligative1 jꜥr.ḫr
imperfective jꜥr
prospective3 jꜥr
 potentialis1 jꜥr.kꜣ
subjunctive jꜥr
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active active passive
perfect jꜥr.n
 — —
perfective jꜥr
 jꜥr
 jꜥr, jꜥrw5, jꜥry5
imperfective jꜥr, jꜥry, jꜥrw5
 jꜥr, jꜥrj6, jꜥry6
 jꜥr, jꜥrw5
prospective jꜥr, jꜥrtj7
 jꜥrtj4, jꜥrt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jꜥr  
ia
r		 N31
i
a

O24A
ia
N31
a
r		 N31
a
r		 N31
D54
a
r		 D54
jꜥr jꜥ jꜥ ꜥr ꜥr ꜥr
[Old Kingdom] [Old Kingdom] [since the Old Kingdom] [since the New Kingdom] [since the New Kingdom]

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Demotic: ꜥl, ꜥr
    • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲱⲗ (ōl)
    • Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲏⲓ (alēi), ⲱⲗⲓ (ōli)
    • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲏ (alē), ⲱⲗ (ōl)
    • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲱⲗ (ōl)
    • Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲉ (ale), ⲱⲗ (ōl)

References
  • “jꜥr (lemma ID 21770)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 41.14–41.25
  • Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 10–11, 45
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