frith-

See also: frith, Frith, fríth, frìth, and friþ

Irish

Alternative forms
  • fri- (before t)

Etymology

From Old Irish frith- (“counter-, beside, against”), from the verbal nouns of Old Irish verbs like fris·beir, fris·aicci, fris·indlea with the initial preverb fri, from Proto-Celtic *writ- (compare Welsh wrth, prefix gwrth-), from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”) (compare Latin versus (“against”)).

Prefix

frith-

  1. anti-, counter-
    Synonym: anta-
  2. back
    Synonym: cúl-

Derived terms
Irish terms prefixed with frith-
  • friofac
  • frith-chuaranfa
  • frithagóid
  • fritháireamh
  • fritháirigh
  • frithbhuille
  • frithchatóid
  • frithcheilg
  • frithchiallach
  • frithchiallach
  • frithchioclón
  • frithchléireach
  • frithchomhairle
  • frithchosc
  • frithchosúil
  • frithchothromaíocht
  • frithchúiseamh
  • frithchur
  • frithdhearbhú
  • frithdhílse
  • frithdhleathacht
  • frithdhúnadh
  • frithéasc
  • frithfhillteach
  • frithghaoth
  • frithgheall
  • frithghealltanas
  • frithghiniúint
  • frithghiniúnach
  • frithghiniúnach
  • frithghníomh
  • frithghob
  • frithghoin
  • frithghreannach
  • frithiontráil
  • frithloighceacht
  • frithluail
  • frithlúbthacht
  • frithmhúr
  • frithráigh
  • frithshá
  • frithsheasmhach
  • frithsheasmhacht
  • frithsheipteach
  • frithsheipteán
  • frithsheiptigh
  • frithsheol
  • frithshóisialta
  • frithshruth
  • frithshuigh
  • frithspréigh
  • frithstróf
  • fritonn
  • fritoradh
  • fritreo
  • fritreomhar
  • na fritíortha

Mutation
Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Eclipsis
frith- fhrith- bhfrith-
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

Old Irish

Alternative forms
  • fre-, fri- (before stops)
  • fris-, fres- (before resonants)

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *writ- (compare Welsh wrth, prefix gwrth-), from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”) (compare Latin versus (“against”)).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /fʲrʲiθʲ/

Prefix

frith- (pretonic fris-)

  1. counter-, beside, against

Usage notes

There are three basic shapes of the prefix, used in the following manner:

  • Frith- proper manifests as such before morpheme-initial vowels.
    ‎frith- (“beside”) + ‎aire (“watching”) → ‎frithaire (“vigil”, literally “watching beside”)
    ‎frith- + ‎orcun (“striking down”) → ‎frithorcun (“injury”)
  • Fris- and fres- tend to appear before resonants. Originally fres- was created by a following vowel lowering the vowel in older fris-, but by Old Irish times the two variants were interchangeable.
  • Fre- and fri- were used before stops. Like with fris- and fres-, the distribution of these two variants originally depended on whether the following morpheme caused its original -i- to lower to -e-, but by the Old Irish period this distribution was not strictly followed. It triggered no mutation of the next morpheme in line.
    ‎frith- (“beside”) + ‎cor (“putting”) → ‎frecor (“cultivation, worship”)
    ‎frith- (“against”) + ‎tuidecht (“coming”) → ‎frituidecht (“opposition”, literally “coming against”)

Later on, the non-frith- forms became fossilized as frith- overtook the other shapes in productivity. Frith- also caused lenition of the initial consonant of a following morpheme as this happened. For instance, ‎frith- + ‎gním (“work”) → ‎frithgnam (“pains, labour, work”).

Derived terms
Old Irish terms prefixed with frith-

Descendants
  • Middle Irish: frith-

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From frith.

Prefix

frith-

  1. by-, sub-
  2. counter-

Derived terms
Scottish Gaelic terms prefixed with frith-

Mutation
Scottish Gaelic mutation
Radical Lenition
frithfhrith
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.
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