bruken
Low German
Etymology 1
From Middle Low German brûken, Old Saxon brūkan.
Verb
bruken (third-person singular simple present bruukt, past tense bruuk, past participle bruukt, auxiliary verb hebben)
Usage notes
- In a negative sentence, möten or dörven are often used instead of bruken. For example, “you don’t need to go yet” is usually translated by du musst noch nich gahn instead of du bruukst noch nich to gahn.
- The verb nödig hebben is used to express the need of something.
Conjugation
Conjugation of bruken (weak verb)
infinitive | bruken | |
---|---|---|
indicative | present | preterite |
1st person singular | bruuk | bruuk |
2nd person singular | bruuks(t) | bruuks(t) |
3rd person singular | bruuk(t) | bruuk |
plural | bruukt, bruuken | bruken |
imperative | present | — |
singular | bruuk(e) | |
plural | bruukt | |
participle | present | past |
bruken | (e)bruukt, gebruukt | |
Note: This conjugation is one of many; neither its grammar nor spelling apply to all dialects. |
Etymology 2
From Middle Low German gebrūken, Old Saxon gibrūkan, from Proto-Germanic *gabrūkaną. See Etymology 1 above.
Verb
bruken (third-person singular simple present bruukt, past tense bruuk, past participle bruukt, auxiliary verb hebben)
- to use
Conjugation
Conjugation of bruken (weak verb)
infinitive | bruken | |
---|---|---|
indicative | present | preterite |
1st person singular | bruuk | bruuk |
2nd person singular | bruuks(t) | bruuks(t) |
3rd person singular | bruuk(t) | bruuk |
plural | bruukt, bruuken | bruken |
imperative | present | — |
singular | bruuk(e) | |
plural | bruukt | |
participle | present | past |
bruken | (e)bruukt, gebruukt | |
Note: This conjugation is one of many; neither its grammar nor spelling apply to all dialects. |
Middle Dutch
Etymology
From Old Dutch *brūkan, from Proto-West Germanic *brūkan.
Inflection
Weak | ||
---|---|---|
Infinitive | bruken | |
3rd sg. past | — | |
3rd pl. past | — | |
Past participle | — | |
Infinitive | bruken | |
In genitive | brukens | |
In dative | brukene | |
Indicative | Present | Past |
1st singular | bruke | — |
2nd singular | bruucs, brukes | — |
3rd singular | bruuct, bruket | — |
1st plural | bruken | — |
2nd plural | bruuct, bruket | — |
3rd plural | bruken | — |
Subjunctive | Present | Past |
1st singular | bruke | — |
2nd singular | bruucs, brukes | — |
3rd singular | bruke | — |
1st plural | bruken | — |
2nd plural | bruuct, bruket | — |
3rd plural | bruken | — |
Imperative | Present | |
Singular | bruuc, bruke | |
Plural | bruuct, bruket | |
Present | Past | |
Participle | brukende | — |
Further reading
- “bruken”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
- Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “bruken”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN
Middle Low German
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /bruːkən/
Verb
brûken
Declension
Conjugation of bruken as a weak verb
Plain Infinitive | brûken | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Full Infinitive (Gerund) | tô brûkene or tô brûkende | |||
Verbal Noun | brûken or brûkent | |||
Participles | Imperatives | |||
Present | brûkende | 2nd Person Singular | brûke | |
Past | gebrûket | 2nd Person Plural | brûket | |
Indicative | Subjunctive | |||
Present | Preterite | Present | Preterite | |
1st Person Singular | brûke | brûkede | brûke | brûkede |
2nd Person Singular | brûkest | brûkedest | brûkest | brûkedest |
3rd Person Singular | brûket | brûkede | brûket | brûkede |
Plural | brûken (brûket?) | brûkeden | brûken | brûkeden |
Norwegian Bokmål
Alternative forms
Norwegian Nynorsk
Alternative forms
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