< Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic

Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kümüĺ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Likely an ancient Wanderwort believed to have spread from an unknown source to Turkic, Sino-Tibetan and Austroasiatic languages[1].

According to several sources, ultimately of Chinese origin, most likely Early Middle Chinese 金 (kˠiɪm), possibly from an unattested Chinese nominal compound *金鐐 (kˠiɪmleu)[2][3][4].[5] However, this hypothetic compound would yield Proto-Turkic *kemle or *kümlü rather than *kümül, which prompts Antonov and Jacques (2011) to reject this hypothesis [1] and instead connect the word to Proto-Palaungic *kmuul, modern Khmu [script needed] (kmuːl). They also connect it to a large number of cognates in Sino-Tibetan languages, such as Tibetan དངུལ (dngul)[1]. The direction of the borrowing is unclear, as "the etymon for ‘silver’ is not derivable in a straightforward manner from any known verbal or nominal root in either Turkic, Sino-Tibetan or Austroasiatic"[1].

An internal Turkic etymology featuring a nominal derivation from Proto-Turkic *kün (“day, sun”) with a subsequent shift of the intevocalic /n/ to /m/ has been proposed too[6]; compare the semantic extension in Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm (“silver”), derived from *h₂erǵ- (“white; glittering”), although Antonov and Jacques find such a derivation improbable on semantic grounds[1].

Noun

*kümüĺ

  1. silver (metal)

Declension
Declension of *kümüĺ
Singular 3)
Nominative *kümüĺ
Accusative *kümüĺni, *kümüĺüg 4), *kümüĺnig 1)
Genitive *kümüĺniŋ
Dative *kümüĺke
Locative *kümüĺte
Ablative *kümüĺten
Allative *kümüĺgerü
Instrumental 2) *kümüĺün
Equative 2) *kümüĺče
Similative 2) *kümüĺleyü
Comitative 2) *kümüĺlügü
1) Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
2) The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
3) Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
4) Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants
  • Oghur:
    • Chuvash: кӗмӗл (kĕmĕl)
  • Common Turkic:

See also
Minerals in Proto-Turkic
Taş
Stone
 stone: *tiāĺ
Demir
Iron
 iron: *temür
Gümüş
Silver
 silver: *kümüĺ
Altın
Gold
 gold: *altun
Çilek
Strawberry
 copper: *bakïr
Tebeşir
Chalk
 chalk or earth: *bōr
Kömür
Coal
 coal: *kömür
Kaya tuzu
Salt
 salt: *tūŕ
Kurşun
Lead
 lead: *korguĺčïn

References
  1. Antonov, A. & Jacques, G., 2011. Turkic kümüš 'silver' and the lambdaism vs sigmatism debate.
  2. Joki, Aulis J. 1952. Die Lehnworter des Sajan-Samojedischen. nº 103 Dans Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne. Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen Seur, page 2010
  3. Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 308b
  4. Cincius, V. I. & Bugaeva T. G. 1979. K etimologii nazvanij metallov i ix splavov v altajskix jazykax. Issledovanija v oblasti etimologii altajskix jazykov. Leningrad:Nauka.
  5. Dybo, A. V. 2007. Lingvističeskije kontakty rannix tjurkov: leksičeskij fond: pratjurkskij period. RAN, Institut jazykoznanija, Moskva
  6. Rybatzki, Volker 1994. Bemerkungen zur turkischen und mongolischen Metallterminologie. Dans Studia Orientalia. vol. 73, pages 193–251
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