Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/köprüg
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This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Turkic
Etymology
Originally, it was considered to be a borrowing from Ancient Greek γέφυρα (géphura, “bridge”), however it has since been refuted due to phonological reasons such as there not being any explanation for the word final *-g.
The current leading theory is the derivation *köpür- (“to swell, foam”) + *-üg, this is semantically not obvious however both Doerfer and Nişanyan suggests that it may have originally referred to pontoons made of swollen leather comparing the semantics of Proto-Mongolic *köxerge (“bridge, bellows, swollen leather”) (itself possibly from *köxe- or *köxere- (“to swell, foam”) if not directly borrowed from Turkic).
It should also be noted that the Kipchak variant *köpVr is a later secondary development, probably via metathesis, as older Kipchak texts lack such a form. The form *köprig also seen reflected in some descendants may reflect the first form of the word as *köpür- (“to swell, foam”) is suggested to be from earlier *köpir-.[1]
Declension
| Singular 3) | |
|---|---|
| Nominative | *köprüg |
| Accusative | *köprügni, *köprügüg 4), *köprügnig 1) |
| Genitive | *köprügniŋ |
| Dative | *köprügke |
| Locative | *köprügde |
| Ablative | *köprügden |
| Allative | *köprüggerü |
| Instrumental 2) | *köprügün |
| Equative 2) | *köprügče |
| Similative 2) | *köprügleyü |
| Comitative 2) | *köprüglügü |
2) The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
3) Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
4) Found in the Old Turkic era.
Descendants
- Common Turkic:
- Oghuz:
- Karluk:
- Karakhanid: [script needed] (köprüg)
- Uzbek: koʻprik
- Uyghur: كۆۋرۈك (köwrük)
- Karakhanid: [script needed] (köprüg)
- Kipchak: [script needed] (köprüg), [script needed] (köprü), [script needed] (köpri)
- North Kipchak:
- West Kipchak:
- Crimean Tatar: köpür
- Kumyk: кёпюр (köpür)
- Karachay-Balkar: кёпюр (köpür)
- East Kipchak:
- South Kipchak:
- Siberian:
- Old Uyghur: [script needed] (köprüg)
- South Siberian:
- Sayan:
- Tofa: кеъприғ (kèpriɣ)
- Tuvan: көвүрүг (kövürüg)
- Sayan:
- → Proto-Mongolic: *köxerge (“bridge, bellows, swollen leather”)[2][3][4]
References
- Erdal, Marcel (1991) Old Turkic Word Formation, volume II, Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 573
- Clauson, Gerard (1962) Turkish and Mongolian studies, London: Royal Asiatic Society, page 238
- Nugteren, Hans (2011) Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation), Utrecht: LOT, page 423
- Sanžejev, G. D., Orlovskaja, M. N., Ševernina, Z. V. (2016) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ mongolʹskix jazykov: v 3 t. [Etymological dictionary of Mongolic languages: in 3 vols.] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, page 137
- Clauson, Gerard (1972) “köprüg”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 690
- Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20) (in German), volume III, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1623, pages 585-587
- Eren, Hasan (1999) “köprü”, in Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language] (in Turkish), Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi, pages 258-259
- Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume V, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, page 112
- Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “köprü”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
- Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 292