Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/šanat-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*šanat- f

year
season

Inflection

Declension of *šanat-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*šanatum

*šanatāna

*šanātum

Genitive

*šanatim

*šanatayna

*šanātim

Accusative

*šanatam

possessive forms

1st person

*šanatī / *šanatVya

—

*šanatVni

2nd person m

*šanatVka

*šanatVkumā / *šanatVkumay

*šanatVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*šanatVki

*šanatVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*šanatVšu

*šanatVšumā / *šanatVšumay

*šanatVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*šanatVša

*šanatVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *šanatuya for nom. case, *šanatiya for gen. case, *šanataya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *šanat-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*šanatuka	*šanatāka	*šanātuka
Genitive	*šanatika	*šanatayka	*šanātika
Accusative	*šanataka	*šanatayka	*šanātika

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *šanat-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*šanatuki	*šanatāki	*šanātuki
Genitive	*šanatiki	*šanatayki	*šanātiki
Accusative	*šanataki	*šanatayki	*šanātiki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒈬 (šattum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: سَنَة (sana)
    - Egyptian Arabic: سنة (sána)
    - Gulf Arabic: سِنَة (sɪnə)
    - North Levantine Arabic: سنه (sini)
    - Maltese: sena
    - → Afar: sanát
    - → Azerbaijani: sənə
    - → Bengali: সন (śon)
    - → Harsusi: senet
    - → Hindi: सन् (san)
    - → Mehri: سنيت (senēt)
    - → Soqotri: sanah
    - → Tigre: ሰነት (sänät)
    - → Ottoman Turkish: سنه
      - Turkish: sene
    - → Uzbek: sana
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic: שַׁנְתָּא (šantā), שַׁתָּא (šattā)
      - Classical Syriac: ܫܰܢܬܴ݁ܐ (šantā)
      - Neo-Aramaic:
        Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܫܹܢ݇ܬܵܐ (šēttā)
        
        Chaldean Neo-Aramaic: ܫܹܐܬܵܐ (šeta), pl: ܫܢܐ (šǝnne)
        
        Lishana Deni: שאתא (šāta), pl: שניה (šǝnne)
        
        Lishanid Noshan: [script needed] (šāt), [script needed] (šana)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: שָׁנָה (shaná, šānâ)
      - Moabite: 𐤔𐤕 (št)
      - Phoenician: 𐤔𐤕 (št /⁠šat⁠/)
        Punic: 𐤔𐤕 (št /⁠šat⁠/)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎌𐎐𐎚 (šnt /⁠šanatu⁠/)

References

Huehnergard, John (2019) “Proto-Semitic”, in Huehnergard, John and Na'ama Pat-El, editors, The Semitic Languages, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN

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