< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/táwxma

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *táwkma, from Proto-Indo-European *tewk-.

Noun

*táwxma n[1]

  1. seed
  2. kinship, family

Descendants
  • Central Iranian:
    • Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬨𐬀𐬥 n (taoxman, “seed, germ, kinship”)
  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Proto-Saka-Wakhi:
      • Khotanese: [script needed] (ttīma)
      • Wakhi: taɣ̌m
    • Sogdo-Bactrian:
      • Bactrian:
        Greek script: τοχμανο (toxmano /⁠tuxman⁠/)
      • Proto-Sogdic: *táo̯xmah[1]
        • Sogdian: (/toxmí, toxmḗ/)
          Buddhist: [script needed] (tγmy)
          Christian: [script needed] (ṯxmy), [script needed] (ṯwxmy)
          Sogdian script: 𐽂𐼲𐼺𐼷 (tɣmy)
        • Yagnobi: taxm (/⁠táx⁽ⁱ⁾m⁠/), tuxm (/⁠túx⁽ᵘ⁾m⁠/)
  • Southeastern Iranian:
    • Ishkashimi: [script needed] (tьxm)
    • Parachi: tuxm
    • Pashto:
      Pashto: تومن m (tumán), تومنه f (twámna, tómna)
      Waziri: [script needed] (temna)
    • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *tūɣn
      • Proto-Munji-Yidgha:
        • Munji: توگهم (tuǧm)
      • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *tūɣm
        • Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *tūɣm
          • Shughni: ту̊ғм (tū̊ɣm)
          • Sarikoli: teɣ̌m
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Baluchi: [script needed] (tūm), [script needed] (tōm)
    • Kurdish:
      Central Kurdish: تۆو (tow), تۆم (tom)
      Northern Kurdish: tov
      Southern Kurdish: تۊیەم (tüyem)
      Laki: توم (tum)
    • Old Median: *tōxmā, *tauxmā
      • Middle Median: *tōxm
        • Kermanic:
      • ⇒ Old Median: *Zrūtōxmā
        • → Elamite: 𒄑𒊒𒁺𒊌𒈠 (iz-ru-du-uk-ma)
    • Parthian:
      Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫇𐫟𐫖 (twxm), 𐫎𐫇𐫟𐫖 (ṯwxm /⁠tōxm⁠/, “seed; line, race”); 𐫤𐫇𐫟𐫖𐫗 (twxmn /⁠tōxman⁠/, “seed-grain”)
    • Zaza-Gurani:
      • Gurani: تۆم (tōm)
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Larestani: [script needed] (toxm), [script needed] (tox)
    • Old Persian: 𐎫𐎢𐎶𐎠 f (t-u-m-a /⁠tauʰmā⁠/, “family”)
      • Middle Persian: (/tōhm/, "seed; family")
        Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫇𐫍𐫖 (twhm), 𐫎𐫇𐫍𐫖 (ṯwhm)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (twm)
        • ⇒ Middle Persian: ("family")
          Manichaean script: 𐫎𐫇𐫍𐫖𐫃𐫀𐫗 pl (ṯwhmgʾn /⁠tōhmagān⁠/)
          Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (twhmk /⁠tōhmag⁠/)
        • Gabri: [Term?] (tūm)
        • → Old Armenian: տոհմ (tohm, “tribe, kin, clan”)
        • → Old Georgian: ტოჰმი (ṭohmi), ტომი (ṭomi)

References
  1. Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 180
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