< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/úštrah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *úštras.

Noun

*úštrah m[1][2][3][4]

  1. camel

Inflection
masculine a-stem
singular dual plural
nominative *úštrah *úštrā *úštrā
vocative *úštra *úštrā *úštrā
accusative *úštram *úštrā *úštrānh
instrumental *úštrā *úštraybyaH *úštrāyš
ablative *úštrāt *úštraybyaH *úštraybyah
dative *úštrāy *úštraybyaH *úštraybyah
genitive *úštrahya *úštrayāh *úštrānam
locative *úštray *úštrayaw *úštrayšu

Descendants
  • Central Iranian:
    • Avestan: 𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 (uštra)
  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Proto-Saka: *užli[2]
      • Khotanese: [script needed] (ulä), [script needed] (ūlä)
    • Sogdo-Bactrian:
      • Proto-Sogdic: *uxštri[3][5]
        • Sogdian: (/⁠ᵊxʷəštrí⁠/)
          Manichaean script: 𐫟𐫇𐫢𐫤𐫡𐫏 (xwštry)
          Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼶𐼴𐽁𐽂𐽀𐼷 (ʾxwštry)
          Old Sogdian script: 𐼀𐼄𐼇𐼙𐼚𐼘𐼊 (ʾɣwštry)
          Syriac script: ݎܘܫܬܪ (xwštr)
  • Southeastern Iranian:
    • Pashto: اوښ (ux̌)
    • Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi:
      • Ishkashimi: [script needed] (štur)
      • Sanglechi: [script needed] (ᵊštər)
    • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *uštur
      • Proto-Munji-Yidgha:
        • Munji: [script needed] (škura), [script needed] (škyuro)
        • Yidgha: [script needed] (ⁱškirṓ), [script needed] (šikəro), [script needed] (ᵘšikəro)
      • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *ux̌tur
        • Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *ux̌tur
          • Sarikoli: x̌ыtůr, x̌ыtыr, x̌ůtыr, x̌ůtůr
          • Shughni: х̌итур (x̌itur), ух̌тур (ux̌tur), (Khufi, Roshani) ух̌тур (ux̌tur), (Bartangi, Oroshori) ах̌тур (ax̌tur)
          • Zebaki: uštur
        • Yazghulami: ах̌тор (ax̌tor)
        • → Wakhi: aṣ̌tыr, wəṣ̌tыr, ṣ̌tыr, əṣ̌tыr
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Baluchi: اشتر (uštar), ہشتر (huštur)
    • Kurdish:
      Northern Kurdish: hêştir, huştir
      Central Kurdish: حوشتر (ḧuştir), وشتر (wiştir)
    • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
      • Proto-Komisenian:
      • Mazanderani: شتر (šeter)
      • Old Median: *uštrah
        • Middle Median: *úštər
          • Kermanic:
            Abuzeydabadi, Abyanehi, Badrudi, Chimehi, Hanjani, Komjani, Qohrudi, Valujerdi, Yarandi, Ozvar: öštör
            Abuzeydabadi: ōštīr, šōtīr
            Tarehi: šütür, šütüre, üštür
          • Talysh: [script needed] (šotur)
          • → Middle Persian:
            Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (GMRA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwštl /⁠uštar, uštur⁠/)
            Pazend script: 𐬊𐬱𐬙𐬭 (oštr /⁠oštar⁠/)
        • Semnani: [script needed] (uṣ̌)
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Old Persian: *uššah
      • ⇒ Old Persian: 𐎢𐏁𐎲𐎠𐎼𐎡 (u-š-b-a-r-i /⁠ušabārim⁠/, “camel rider”, acc.sg.)
      • ⇒ Old Persian: *Vāuššah (personal name)
        • → Elamite: 𒈠𒌋𒅖𒃻 (ma-u-iš-šá)
  • → Akkadian: 𒀲𒀀𒀊𒁀 (/⁠udru⁠/, “camel with two humps”)
  • → Urartian: 𒀲𒀀𒀊𒁀 (/⁠ulṭu⁠/, “Bactrian camel”)

References
  1. Cheung, Johnny (2011) Selected Pashto Problems II. Historical Phonology 1: On Vocalism and Etyma (Iran and the Caucasus)‎, volume 15, numbers 1-2, Brill Academic Publishers, page 180
  2. Bailey, H. W. (1979) “ula-, ūla-”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 40b
  3. Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 124
  4. Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1999) “aṣ̌tы́r”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ vaxanskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoje Vostokovedenije, →ISBN, pages 87-88
  5. Gharib, B. (1995) “Proto-Iranian/úštrah”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 30
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