< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/peyḱ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*peyḱ-[1]

  1. to hew, cut out
  2. to stitch, embroider, sting
  3. (by extension) to paint, mark, color

Descendants
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *peyḱ- (mark)‎ (17 c, 0 e)
  • *piḱ-ét ~ *piḱ-ónt (thematic root present)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pićát
      • Proto-Iranian: *picát
        • Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬐𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (aṇkupaēsəmna, “to adorn”, mid.), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬙𐬀 (frapixšta, “painted”, ppp.)
        • Old Persian: [script needed] (*pišta)
          • Middle Persian: 𐫛𐫏𐫘𐫏𐫤 (pysyt, “colored”)
        • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *nipicát
          • Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤 (nbyšt, ppp.)
            • ⇒ Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤𐫃 (nbyštg, “written”)
          • Old Persian: 𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎱𐎡𐏁𐎹𐎶 (n-i-y-p-i-š-y-m /⁠niyapaišyam⁠/, “to engrave, inscribe”, 1sg.)
            • Middle Persian:
              Inscriptional Pahlavi script: [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (npštk /⁠nibištag⁠/, “written”)
        • ⇒ Proto-Iranian:
          • Parthian: [Term?] (/⁠ispist⁠/)
            • Persian: سبشت (sebešt, “vulgar”)
  • *pi-né-ḱ-ti ~ *pi-n-ḱ-énti (nasal-infix present)[1]
    • Proto-Germanic: *finhaną
      • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *finhlōną (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinášti (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinćati
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pinśati
        • Sanskrit: पिंशति (piṃśati, “to adorn; to mould, carve out, grind”)
    • Proto-Italic:
      • Latin: pingō (“to paint, color”, with irregular -g-) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *pik- (“to paint, write, delineate”)[2]
      • Tocharian A: pikiñc (< pik- (“to write”))
      • Tocharian B: piṅkäṃ (< pik- (“to write”))
  • *péyḱ-ye-ti (ye-present)[3]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)iś-
      • Lithuanian: piẽšti (“to draw”)
      • Old Prussian: peisāi (“to write”)
      • Proto-Slavic: *pьsа̀ti (“to write”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *pe-póyḱ-e ~ *pe-piḱ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)
    • Proto-Celtic: *ɸiɸoike (see there for further descendants)
  • *piḱ-ró-s[4][5]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *piśras
      • Proto-Slavic: *pь̀strъ (“variegated”) from an earlier **pь̀srъ (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *pikrós
    • >? Lusitanian:
      • → Galician: pégaro (“variegated”)
  • *piḱ-tó-s[6]
    • Proto-Italic: *piktos
      • Latin: pictus (see there for further descendants)
  • *póyḱ-os[7][8]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiśas
      • Lithuanian: paišaĩ, piẽšas (“freckle”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“motley, colored”) (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Proto-Hellenic:
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćas
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páyśas
        • Sanskrit: पेश (péśa, “ornament, decoration”)
      • Proto-Iranian: *páycah
        • Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (paēsa, “ornament, embellishment”)[9]
        • → Old Armenian: պէս (pēs, “like, as”)
Unsorted formations
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *pěgъ (“piebald”)[10]
    • >? Proto-Slavic: *pьsъ (“dog”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pićángas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piśángas
    • Proto-Iranian: *picángah
      • → Old Armenian: պիսակ (pisak, “speckle, spot, mark; leprous”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • Unknown Iberian substrate, perhaps Lusitanian:
    • →? Galician: pego (“variegated”), pégaro (“variegated”)

See also

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 465-466
  2. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “pik-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 410
  3. Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 354
  4. Derksen, Rick (2008) chapter 431, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 430
  5. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πικρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1190
  6. Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*paipages-291-292”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  7. Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 342
  8. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ποικίλος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1216-1217
  9. Kanga, Kavasji Edalji (1900) A Complete Dictionary of the Avesta Language‎, Bombay: Education society's steam press, page 810
  10. Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 397

Root

*peyḱ-[1]

  1. hostile, angry
  2. enemy, evil

Alternative forms

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *peyḱ- (hostile)‎ (4 c, 0 e)
  • *peyḱ-ye- (ye-present)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: peĩkti (“to blame”)
  • *piḱ-tós[2]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Latvian: pikts
      • Lithuanian: pìktas (“angry; evil”)
  • *póyḱ-os
    • Proto-Celtic: *ɸoikos
      • Old Irish: óech (“enemy”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“hostile”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *poyḱ-yós
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *faigijaz (“fey”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píćunas
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píśunas
        • Sanskrit: पिशुन (píśuna, “evil, treacherous”)

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “faiha- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  2. Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 355
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