Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃er-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*h₁or-[1]

Root

*h₃er- (perfective)[2][3][4]

to move, to stir
to rise, to spring
to quarrel, fight

Extensions

Descendants

Proto-Tocharian: *er- (“to evoke, bring forth, produce”)[5]
- Tocharian A: ar-
- Tocharian B: er-
Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: ऋ (ṛ), ईर् (īr)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃er-‎ (17 c, 0 e)

*h₃ér-t ~ *h₃r-ént (athematic perfective)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: յարեայ (yareay)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὦρτο (ôrto)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: आर्त (ārta)
  - Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬎𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬎𐬎𐬁 (uzār^əšuuā, 2nd.aor.impv.med.)
- >? Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: ertär
*h₃r̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥sćáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥sćáti
    - Sanskrit: ऋच्छति (ṛcchati)
*h₃i-h₃ér-ti ~ *h₃i-h₃r-énti (reduplicated present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHárti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HiHárti
    - Sanskrit: इयर्ति (íyarti, iyárti)
  - Proto-Iranian: *HiHárti
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬍𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬏 (īratū)
*h₃r̥-néw-ti ~ *h₃r̥-nw-énti (new-present)
- Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒅈𒉡𒊻𒍣 (ar-nu-uz-zi), 𒅈𒉡𒍣 (ar-nu-zi)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: յառնեմ (yaṙnem)
    - Armenian: հառնել (haṙnel), արի՛ (arí)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *rinǫti (or from *h₃ri-né-H-ti < *h₃reyH-) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *rinnaną (or from *h₃ri-né-H-ti < *h₃reyH-) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *órnūmi
  - Ancient Greek: ὄρνῡμι (órnūmi)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥náwti (see there for further descendants)
*h₃ér-os ~ *h₃ér-es-os
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὄρος (óros), οὖρος (oûros); ὦρος (ôros)
    - Greek: όρος m (óros, “mountain”)
    - → English: oro-
    - ⇒ Italian: oro-
*h₃ér-ti-s ~ *h₃r̥-téy-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥tíš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥tíṣ
    - Sanskrit: ऋति (ṛtí)
*h₃réwnos
- Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒀀𒊒𒈾𒀸 (a-ru-na-aš)
>? *h₃érō (“eagle”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: արմն (armn), արմ (arm)
    - Armenian: արմ (arm)
  - (perhaps) >? Old Armenian: արթ- (artʻ-)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *ortь (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *arniz
  - ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *ernustuz (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὀρίνω (orínō)
  - Ancient Greek: ὄρμενος (órmenos), ὅρμενος (hórmenos)
    - → Latin: ormenos
  - Ancient Greek: ὀροθῡ́νω (orothū́nō)
  - >? Ancient Greek: ἐρέθω (eréthō)
  - >? Ancient Greek: ἐρίζω (erízō)
  - >? Ancient Greek: ἔρις (éris)
    - Greek: έριδα (érida)
  - >? Ancient Greek: Ἐρινύς (Erinús)
    - Greek: Ερινύς (Erinýs)
      - plural: Ερινύες (Erinýes)
    - → Latin: Erinys (pl. Erinyes)
      - → English: Erinys, Erinyes
- Italic:
  - Proto-Italic: *orjōr
    - Latin: orior
      - ⇒ Romanian: urca
      - ⇒ Latin: orīgō (see there for further descendants)
    - Umbrian: orto (participle perfect)
- >? Proto-Tocharian: *ār-[6]
  - Tocharian A: ār-
  - Tocharian B: ār-

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 326

Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “er-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 98-99
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₃er-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 299-301
Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*Har²”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 165-166
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “arnu-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 248-249
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “er-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 98-99
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ār”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 50

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[1] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “er-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 98-99

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₃er-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 299-301

[3] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*Har²”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 165-166

[4] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “arnu-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 248-249

[5] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “er-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 98-99

[6] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ār”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 50