< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃erdʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions
  • *h₂erHdʰ-[1]

Etymology

Possibly reanalyzed root of *h₃er- (“to rise”) +‎ *-dʰh₁eti (resultative verbal suffix).[2]

Root

*h₃erdʰ-[1]

  1. to increase, grow
  2. upright, high

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃erdʰ-‎ (19 c, 0 e)
  • *h₃erdʰ-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
    • Proto-Tocharian:
  • *h₃r̥dʰ-néw-ti (nu-present)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dʰnáwti
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥dʰnáwti
        • Sanskrit: ऋध्नोति (ṛdhnóti)
  • *h₃r̥dʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dʰyáti
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥dʰyáti
        • Sanskrit: ऋध्यति (ṛdhyáti)
  • *h₃érdʰ-u-s ~ *h₃érdʰ-éw-s[2][4]
    • *h₃érdʰu-ko-s[2]
      • Proto-Germanic: *ardugaz[2] (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₃r̥dʰ-ō-s[5]
    • Proto-Italic: *arðōs[5]
      • Latin: arbor, arbōs (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₃ŕ̥dʰ-tis
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hŕ̥dᶻdʰiš
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hŕ̥ddʰiṣ
  • *h₃r̥dʰ-tós
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dᶻdʰás (“increased, thriving”)
  • *h₃r̥dʰ-wó-s[1][2][6][7][8]
    • Proto-Celtic: *ardwos (“high”)[9][6]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *ortʰwós
      • Ancient Greek: ὀρθός (orthós, “upright, straight”)
      • Mycenaean Greek: 𐀃𐀵𐀺- (o-to-wo-), 𐀃𐀶𐀺- (o-tu-wo-), 𐀃𐁍𐀺- (o-two-wo- /⁠ortʰwo-⁠/)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *r̥Hdʰwás (“high, upright”)[8] (see there for further descendants) (< laryngeal metathesis *r̥h₃dʰ-wó-s)
    • Proto-Italic: *arðwos[6]
      • Latin: arduus (“lofty, high, steep”)
  • *h₃erdʰ-ro-
    • Proto-Hellenic: *ortʰros
Unsorted formations
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *orstъ (“growth”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Anatolian:
    • Hittite: [script needed] (harduppi)
  • Proto-Tocharian:

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “er(ə)d- (ₑr(ə)d-), er(ə)dh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 339
  2. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*arduga-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 33-34
  3. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “artkiye”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 25
  4. Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 292
  5. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “arbor, -oris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 50
  6. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “arduus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 52
  7. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “όρθός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1101
  8. Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “іrdhvá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
  9. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ardwo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 40-41
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