< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ébōl

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Connection with certain Indo-Iranian terms has been suggested:

  • Pashayi wālī (perhaps < Proto-Indo-Aryan *abalikā-);
  • Sogdian [script needed] (ʾmʾnk /⁠āmang?⁠/, apple), Munji [script needed] (āmenga), Yidgha [script needed] (amuno), Pashto مڼه (maná, apple), Shughni мӯн (mūn), му̊н (mū̊n, apple), all < Proto-Iranian *amarnaka- ~ *amarnā-, possibly reflecting earlier *abarna/ā- (via assimilation in nasality from *b..n to *m..n), ultimately from PIE *h₂ebe/olne/eh₂-.

There are several indications that the word for apple did not belong to the oldest layer of the Indo-European protolanguage:

  1. The word is limited to the West Indo-European languages
  2. It contains the phoneme */b/, which had marginal distribution in PIE
  3. It somewhat resembles the South European word for apple (PIE or pseudo-PIE *méh₂lom: Latin mālum, Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon)), which might suggest a substrate or wanderwort origin of both.

This all points that the word potentially entered the Indo-European speech continuum some time after the dissolution of the parent language.

Reconstruction

Germanic stem variants *apal- and *apla- point to the originally archaic ablauting paradigm.

Alternative reconstructions

Noun

*h₂ébōl m

  1. apple

Inflection

Athematic, amphikinetic
singular
nominative *h₂ébōl
genitive *h₂blés
singular dual plural
nominative *h₂ébōl *h₂ébolh₁(e) *h₂éboles
vocative *h₂ébol *h₂ébolh₁(e) *h₂éboles
accusative *h₂ébolm̥ *h₂ébolh₁(e) *h₂ébolm̥s
genitive *h₂blés *? *h₂blóHom
ablative *h₂blés *? *h₂bl̥mós
dative *h₂bléy *? *h₂bl̥mós
locative *h₂bél, *h₂béli *? *h₂bl̥sú
instrumental *h₂bléh₁ *? *h₂bl̥mís

Synonyms

  • *méh₂lom (uncertain reconstruction and semantics)

Derived terms

  • *ḱun-h₂ebōl-eh₂ f (a kind of plant, literally dog's apple)
    • Lithuanian: šùnobelė
    • Thracian: sinupyla, dinupula
    • Dacian: κινούβοιλα (kinoúboila)
    • >? Albanian: thënukël

Descendants

  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *āˀbōl (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *abūl (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *aplaz, *apluz (see there for further descendants)
  • ? Oscan: *Abella (toponym)

Further reading

  • Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 25f
  • Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 712f
  • Kroonen, Guus (2013) “apla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 31f
  • Dariusz R. Piwowarczyk (2014) “The Proto-Indo-European root for ‘apple’ and the problem of comparative reconstruction”, in Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia, volume 19, number 3, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 161–167

References

  1. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*abalo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 23
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