< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰedʰh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

Etymology

The root is considered to be a member of the so-called molō-present class[4]―roots which conjugate with the early h₂e-conjugation in present and exhibit R(e/o)-ablaut.

Root

*bʰedʰh₂-[5]

  1. to dig, burrow
  2. to pierce, stab

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰedʰh₂-‎ (4 c, 0 e)
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰedʰ-‎ (6 c, 0 e)
  • *bʰédʰh₂-e-ti (root thematic present)[5]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bestei (“to pierce, stab”)
      • Lithuanian: bèsti
      • Latvian: best
      • Old Prussian: embaddusisi (npl.ptc.pf.act.)
      • Proto-Slavic: *bosti (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰódʰh₂-ey ~ *bʰdʰh₂-énti[6][7]
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: 𒁁𒁕𒀀𒄿 (pád-da-a-i /⁠páddāi⁠/, “to dig”), 𒁁𒁕𒄿 (pád-da-i)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bádīˀtei (“to pierce, stab”)
      • East Baltic:
        • Latgalian: badeit
        • Latvian: badīt
        • Lithuanian: badýti
      • Proto-Slavic: *bodìti
    • Proto-Italic: *foðjō[7]
      • Latin: fodiō (“to pierce; to dig”)
      • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *fossā (⇐ *fossos (pp.) < *bʰodʰh₂-tó-s)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *pāt- (“to plow”)
      • Tocharian A: pāt-[9]
  • *bʰédʰh₂-os
    • Proto-Celtic: *bedos (“grave, ditch”)[10]
      • Proto-Brythonic: *beð
  • *bʰódʰh₂-r̥ ~ *bʰédʰh₂-n̥s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰádʰHr̥ ~ *bʰádʰHas
      • Proto-Iranian: *bádHr̥ ~ *bádHah (“spade, shovel”) (see there for further descendants)
  • >? *bʰodʰh₂-wo-s[11]
    • Proto-Celtic: *bodwos (“fight”)[12][11]
      • Old Breton: bodou (“crow”)
      • Middle Irish: bodb (“goddess of death in war”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *badwō (“battle, fight”)[13] (see there for further descendants)
  • >? *bʰodʰh₂-yó-m (possibly[14], or perhaps < *bʰh₁-tó-s < *bʰeh₁- (“to warm”)[15])
    • Proto-Germanic: *badją (“bed, bedding”) (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2249
  2. Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 372
  3. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “bhedh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 113-114
  4. Jay Jasanoff, Hittite and the Indo-European Verb, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, page 74
  5. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰedʰh₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 66
  6. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, / padd-/mode/1up?view=theater page padda-ⁱ / padd- of 654-655
  7. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “fodiō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 229
  8. Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “p‘os”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 652-653
  9. Adams, Douglas Q. (1999) “ˣpāto”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 391
  10. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bedo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 59-60
  11. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bodwo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 70
  12. Koch, John (2004) “*bodwā-, *bodwo-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
  13. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*badwō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 47
  14. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*badja”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 46
  15. Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009) “bed”, in An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 201 of 33-34
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